试题
Model Test 1
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.?
A. particular B. general? C. ordinary D. generative
2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a
language.
A. Phones B. Sounds? C. Phonemes D. Speech sounds
3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.?
A. simple B. complete ? C. complex D. coordinate
4. ( ) What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a __________ system of
grammatical knowledge.? A. phrase B. sentence? C. rule D. symbol
5. ( ) “I like this shirt very much.” has __________ arguments.
A. one B. two? C. three D. four ?
6. ( ) If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it
becomes __________.? A. a sentence B. an act? C. a unit D. an utterance
7. ( ) ___________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.
A. Apocope B. Epenthesis? C. Metathesis D. Assimilation
8. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use
among a variety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.
A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics
9. ( ) For__________, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual
speech to the point where they were no longer visible.? A. Watson B. Plato? C. Aristotle D. Bloomfield
10. ( ) The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative
__________. A. content B. context? C. response D. answer
I. 1-5 BADCB 6-10 DCBDB
II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. Language is a system consisting of two s__________ of structures, or two levels. 12. English is an i__________ language.
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13. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________. 14. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c__________.
15. P__________ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on.
16. P__________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
17. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c__________ implicatures.
18. Many languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of f__________.
19. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h_________, one on the right and one on the left.
20. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via W__________ area. II. 11. sets 12. intonation 13. prefixes 14. categories 15. Phrase
16. Pragmatics 17. conversational 18. formality 19. hemispheres 20. Wernicke's
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true
or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical
complementation.
22. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive. 23. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.
24. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.
25. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct
object usually precedes the verb.
26. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. 27. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the
change in its vocabulary.
28. ( ) A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language
in some speech community.
29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul's discourse with itself. 30 .( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition. Ⅲ. 21-25 TFFFF 26-30 TTTFT
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31. design features
32. free morpheme
33. synonymy
34. predication
35. slang
36. Move α
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37. semantic shift
38. speech community
39. cerebral cortex
40. overt thought
31. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. For example, arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission.?
32. Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. For example, help, table, able, etc.
33. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. The relations between lorry and truck, room and chamber are examples of synonymy.
34. Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. For example, the predication of the sentence “Tom smokes.” can be said to consist of the argument “TOM” and the predicate “SMOKE” and the predication can be written as TOM (SMOKE).
35. Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. The central characteristic of a slang comes from the motive for its use: a desire for novelty, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people whose “community argot” may be incomprehensible to an outsider, or for being up with the times or a little ahead. For example, grass—a criminal slang for informer, broke—having no money, chicks—young women.
36. Move αrefers to the general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. αis a Greek symbol used here to represent any constituent, and what Move αsays is “move any constituent to any place”. Obviously, this rule is simply too powerful and it will generate ungrammatical sentences. To solve this problem grammar should include some conditions to restrain the movement power of Move α rule and to stimulate that only “certain constituents” can move to only “certain positions”.
37. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. For example, the word “silly” meant “happy” in Old English, and “naive” in Middle English, but “foolish” in Modern English. “Fond” used to mean “foolish”, but in Modern English it means “like very much”.
38. In sociolinguistic studies, the social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community. A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. An example of the speech community is the American Black Community.
39. Cerebral cortex, the outside surface of the brain, is the most important part of the brain. The cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.
40. Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought
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as “subvocal speech”, and speech as “overt thought”.
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41. Why is productivity unique to language?
42. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinstion
between competence and performance?
41. The productivity of language is the property which enables its users to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including the novel utterances that they have never said nor heard before. This feature is unique to human language because most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, a gibbon call system lacks productivity, for gibbons draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible; and bee dancing is used only to indicate nectar sources, which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing.?
42. According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. From these definitions we find that both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.
Model Test 2
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining
the highest position.? A. back B. central? C. front D. middle
2. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.
A.［i:］ B.［?:］? C.［ɑ:］ D.［u:］ ?
3. ( ) An embedded clause functions as a __________ unit in its matrix clause.
A. structural B. grammatical? C. lexical D. linear
4. ( ) Phrase structure rules have __________ properties.?
A. recursive B. grammatical? C. double D. many
5. ( ) Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different __________ dialects. A. personal B. regional?
C. social D. professional
6. ( ) __________ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that
of semantics.? A. Pragmatics B. Pragmatism?
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C. Phonology D. Practicalism
7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.
A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic? C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic
8. ( ) To date, about __________ language families have been documented in historical
linguistic literature.? A. thirty B. forty? C. fifty D. sixty
9. ( ) Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-
finding difficulties and problems with syntax.? A. Wernicke's B. Broca's? C. Gage's D. Genie's
10. ( ) The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of __________ rules rather
than the mere memorization of words and sentences. A. morphological B. grammatical C. linguistic D. syntactic
I. 1-5 CCBAB 6-10 ACABB
II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.
12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.
13. Semantically, the meaning of a c__________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.
14. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the l__________, generate sentences at the level of
D structure.
15. In semantic analysis, p__________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
16. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r__________ in different situations. 17. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. 18. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.
19. Research has shown that different aspects of language processing appear to be more
characteristic of the l__________ hemisphere than the other.
20. The development of a first or native language is called first language a _________. II. 11. Alphabet 12. suprasegmental 13. compound 14. lexicon 15. prediction 16. references 17. Compounding 18. Psycholinguistcs 19. left 20. acquisition
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech. 22. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds. 23. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
24. ( ) Some languages have ways of referring to some entity, some languages don't.
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