英语语言学精品考研10套试题(3)

试题

great variety in size and form”. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word “dog”.

38. Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. For example, typewrite (typewriter) and edit (editor).

39. Language planning means that certain authorities, such as the government, or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries. An example of language planning is the common speech of the Chinese language. Language planning, also called language standardization, is a way to solve the problem of communication dilemma caused by regional dialects.

40. According to Krashen, an American SLA scholar, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. It is recognized that children acquire their native language without explicit learning.

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammer?

42. What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme? And how are they different from each

other? Ⅴ.

41.Traditional grammar is based on “high” (religious, literary) written language. It is prescriptive. It sets models for language users to follow. It tells the learner what he should say, or what is supposed to be correct usage. On the other hand, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, be it \are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data.?

42.Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, such as help, table, able, etc. Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, such as “-en” in “enlarge”, “dis-” in “disable”, “im-” in “impossible”.

Model Test 4

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by

all the members of a speech community.? A. parole B. performance? C. langue D. language ?

2. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds

which a speaker issues.? A. oral B. mental ? C. physical D. recorded

3. ( ) Natural languages are viewed to vary according to __________ set on UG principles to

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particular values.?

A. principles B. rules ? C. parameters D. theories

4 .( ) In the following four choices, __________ is a pair of homophone.?

A. sight and site B. lead (n.) and lead (v.) C. wind (n.) and wind (v.) D. blue and blown

5. ( ) Sense and reference are two related __________ different aspects of meaning.

A. but B. and? C. or D. as well as?

6. ( ) The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness,

fear, emotion” is __________.

A. fear B. anger? C. love D. emotion ?

7. ( ) “I beg you not to say anything like that to Mary.” is a __________.

A. representative B. directive? C. commissive D. declaration

8. ( ) Semantic __________ is a process in which a word loses its former meaning and requires a

new, sometimes related, meaning.? A. broadening B. shift? C. narrowing D. change ?

9. ( ) A __________ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among

groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.? A. lingua franca B. pidgin?

C. creole D. national language

10. ( ) Linguistic __________ is the brain's neurological specialization for language.

A. determinism B. relativism?

C. competence D. lateralization I. 1-5 CCCAA 6-10 DBBAD

II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.

12. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments. 13. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes. 14. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.

15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called s__________ features.

16. The various meanings of a p__________ word are related to some degree.

17. M__________ English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in 1066.

18. C__________ may take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the

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试题

other speaker answers in a different language.

19. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i__________ on the part of adults.

20. The preschool years are a c__________ period for first language acquisition. II. 11. cultural 12. Complementary 13. derivational 14. subordinating 15. semantic 16.polysemic 17. Middle 18. Code-switching 19. instruction 20. crucial

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for

true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.

22. ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with

all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.

23. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:

word stress and sentence stress.

24. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to

interrogative.

25. ( ) The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms. 26. ( ) Semantic shift is the same as semantic change.

27. ( ) From a sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of

a language.

28. ( ) Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.

29. ( ) According to the Behaviorist learning theory, a child's verbal behavior was conditioned

through association between a stimulus and the following response.

30. ( ) Language acquisition and language learning are believed to refer to the same process. Ⅲ. 21-25 TFTTT 26-30 FTTTF

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×

10=30%)

31. phoneme

32. homonymy

33. antonymy

34. blending

35. taboo

36. phonology

37. tone

38. speech variety

39. diglossia

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试题

40. negative transfer Ⅳ.

31. A phoneme is the basic unit in phonology; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Such as / p / and / b / .

32. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. For example, night / knight, piece / peace, fast adj. / fast v. , tear v. / tear n.

33. The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.

34. Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.

35. Taboo, or rather linguistic taboo, refers to an obscene, profane, or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite” society. For example, fuck, breast, shit, etc.

36. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called phonology. For example, the study of phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, suprasegmental phonemes, etc.

37. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages. English is not a tone language. But Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones, i.e., the level, the rise, the fall-rise, and the fall. Tone is especially important in Chinese because it distinguishes meaning at the word level. For example: mā(妈), má(麻) mǎ(马) mà(骂).

38. Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features. Speech varieties include regional dialects, social dialects, registers and so on.

39. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Usually, one is a more standard variety called the high variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters. And the other is a non-prestige variety called low variety, which is used in colloquial and other informal situations. For example, much of Western European history witnessed a diglossia situation in which a foreign language such as Latin enjoyed a position as the high variety and the native languages such as French and English as the low variety.

40. In learning a second language, learners subconsciously use their native language knowledge. This is known as language transfer. Transfer can be positive or negative. Negative transfer occurs when the first language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. Negative transfer is commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning. For example, Chinese students, due to the interference of their mother tongue, often make mistakes like “ Although… but…”, “He come tomorrow.” and “I not want go.”

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

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试题

41. What do langue and parole mean respectively?

42. Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English? Ⅴ.

41. According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.

42.The word order in Modern English is more rigid than that in Old English. This is because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. Therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order.

Model Test 5

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.

A. Phonology B. Phonetics? C. Morphology D. Phonemics

2. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians

in their study of speech sounds.?

A. Broad B. Detailed C. Wide D. Narrow

3. ( ) A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _________

that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences

4. ( ) Semantics can be defined as the study of __________.?

A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context

5. ( ) __________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.

A. Speaking B. Speech C. Sound D. Spoken

6. ( ) The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of __________.

A. clipping B. blending C. acronym D. coinage

7. ( ) __________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.

A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation

8. ( ) There is a gradation of __________ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of

very formal and very informal.

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