翻译实务教案

科技翻译 (Translation of EST)-----(1)

In a broad sense, EST covers anything related to science and technology, both in written and spoken forms. 科技英语可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语。包括：. 1) 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案; 2) 各类科技情报和文字资料;

3) 科技实用手册(Operative Means, 包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等等)的结构描述和操作规程; 4) 有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语;

5) 有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词,等等

This course mainly deals with what has been mentioned in 1) and 2) in their written forms.

Linguistic Features of EST (见书66页-78页)

Translation Standards (3C)

Translation Standards for the Translation of EST: clarity, coherence & conciseness 科技英语翻译标准: 明确、通顺、简练。(准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰)

准确规范

We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.

这里我们将提及两种温度计:华氏表和摄氏表。×?这里我们将提及两种温标:华氏温标和摄氏温标。√? (temperature scales 有固定的翻译方法,翻译为 “温标”,而不是 “温度计”(thermometer) 。)

通顺易懂

Distillation involves heating the solution until water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor.

蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发,然后冷凝蒸汽。×?蒸馏就是要把溶液加热,直到水蒸发,然后再使蒸汽冷凝。√

简洁明晰

It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.

为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不得拆卸该设备。×?严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。√

Passive Voice & its Translation

汉英对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语，其原因比较简单:英语有表示主语和谓语动词之间处于“被动关系”(即:受事者十行为，Recipient + Action)而不是“主动关系”(即:施事者+行为，Doer +Action)的形式程式。

Example:

As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”.

石油埋藏于地层深处。因此,仅研究地层表面, 无法确定有无石油,必须勘测地下的岩石结构。如果确定了某一区域的岩石蕴藏着石油，就此安装钻机。钻机的主要部分是井架。

Translation Methods of Passive Voice

A) Translate it into Active voice in Chinese (将被动语态译为主动语态，即被动隐含句) B) Render it as Non-subject sentence（译为汉语无主句）

C) Replace it with passive voice in Chinese （译成“被”字句）

A. Active Voice in Chinese

1) English: subject: non-life nouns without “by” to indicate “who has done it” Metals are widely used in industry. 金属广泛地应用在工业上。

The speed of the molecules is increased when they are heated. 分子受热,速度就会增加。

2) English: adverbials indicating “where”, “how” (地点状语、方式状语) or other adverbials Adverbial subject in Chinese / Subject object in Chinese e.g. Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.

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即使压力不变, 气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化。

The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是, 机械力代替了人力。

3) English: Verb + object +object complement (宾语补足语) （使用泛指主语，如“人们”, “大家”等） Verb add “人们”, “大家”, “众人”,”我们”etc. in front of the translated version of the verb.

E.g. Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of electricity. 大家知道, 电子是极为微小的负电荷。 Rubber is found a good insulating material. 人们发现胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。 泛指主语常用Sentence Pattern: It be + V.-ed that…

It is asserted that … 有人主张?? It is believed that… 有人认为??

It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为?? It is well known that… 大家知道(众所周知) ?? It will be said that… 有人会说?? It was told that… 有人曾经说??

It is reported that… 据报道?? It is generally recognized that… 一般认为,普遍认为?? It has been calculated that… 据计算?? It must be admitted that… 必须承认?? It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说??

It must be pointed out that… 必须指出?? It will be seen from this that… 由此可见??

B. Non-subject Sentence in Chinese (译为汉语无主语句)

Change English subject to Chinese object and add“把”, “将”, “使”, “给”, “对”,etc. to sentences. E.g. Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125℃and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 使温度很快从室温升到125℃, 并至少保持15分钟。

The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 利用发电机, 可以将机械能在转变为电能。

The damage caused by acid rain can be alleviated by adding lime to lakes, rivers and streams and/or their catchments' areas. 往湖泊、河流和溪流及(或)它们的集水区中撒石灰,可以减轻酸雨所造成的损害。

C. Passive Voice in Chinese

English： if passive emphasized --- passive voice in Chinese “被”, “受” (seldom used, to emphasize only ) “由”,“所”,“叫”,“把”,“得到”,“受到”,“加以”,“予以”,“为??所”,“是??的”. (commonly used) E.g. The plan will be discussed first. 此计划将首先加以/得以讨论。

Only a small part of the sun’s energy reaching the earth is used by us. 传到地球的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所用。 The development of electronic computers has been heralded as the beginning of a second industrial revolution as tremendous in scope as that initiated by the invention of the steam engine.

电子计算机的发展被宣称为另一次工业革命的开端, 其规模同蒸汽机的发明所导致的第一次工业革命一样宏大。 “是??的”

Many car engines are cooled by water. 许多汽车发动机是用水冷却的。

The first explosive in the world was made and used in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。 Produced by electrons are the X-rays, which allow the doctor to look inside a patient’s body. 电子产生的是X射线, 能让医生透视病人的身体。

Practices:

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

1. Several elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater. (passive voice) 有些元素和化合物可直接从海水中提取。

2. It is said that numerical control is the operation of machine tools by numbers. (passive voice) 人们说，数控就是用数字加以操纵机床。

3. Pure oxygen must be given patients in certain circumstances. (passive voice) 在某些情况下必须给病人吸纯氧气。

4. Open the key, and you may obtain an induced current in the opposite direction. (祈使句) 将电键断开，你就会得到反向的感应电流。

5. If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应需要数小时而不是几秒钟，那么燃料费就太高了。

6. In case two of the engines fail, the plane can still use its other engines to land.

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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

如果两台发动机坏了，飞机还可以使用另外的发动机着陆。

7. In case of a power break down, the emergency generator can be switched on. 万一停电，可以接通应急发电机。

8. The operation can proceed indefinitely on condition (that) the controls are pre-set correctly. 这一操作可以无限地进行，条件是预先设定好操纵装置。

9. This design is likely to be accepted providing that the cost is reasonable. 只要成本合理，这一设计很有可能被接受。

10. A third-stage rocket is put on top of the second-stage rocket, then the third-stage rocket can attain escape velocity.

? 如果在第二节火箭上面再加上第三节火箭，那么第三节火箭就能获得逃逸速度。

Translation of Scientific Writings from Chinese to English (Sentence-level)

A. 译为名词结构

储备箱中装的东西是用泵排出的。 （是?的 in general passive voice in English） a) The contents of the tank is discharged by a pump. (Chinese )

b) Discharge of the contents of the tank is effected by a pump. (native) 1) 要学会使用典型的名词结构。

2) 利用英语的组句习惯和优势,把其中的有关成分转换成名词结构。 一些动词谓语句(尤其是形容词谓语句)，一些动宾谓语句(包括动宾短语)英译时，往往要这样做。

然而,数控技术更灵活,装配机床的花费更少,更换更快,而且停机维修时间更短。

Numerical control, however, offers more flexibility, lower tooling cost, quicker changes, and less machine down-time. (改用“动-宾”关系来体现原来的“主-谓”关系)

B. 无主句的翻译

1. “把字句”, “让” “将”和”使”等字的句子,转换成被动语态。 使温度很快地从室温升高到125℃,并至少保持15分钟。

Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125℃ and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 除液化气外，不可使用其它燃料。 No other fuel but liquid gas is allowed. 2 “动宾”结构中的”宾语”改作主语,并换用被动语态. a) “需要(有关??的资料)书籍数据??” b) “将对??展开调研(进行研究)” c) “必须确定?? 的效率(热量)”

1) 需要有关哪种罐头产品最普及的资料。 Information is needed as to which brand of canned goods is most popular. 2) 将对哪种罐头产品最普及作出决定。 A decision will be taken as to which brand of canned goods is most popular. 3) 必须确定辐射出的热量。The quality of heat which is radiated must be determined. 或It is necessary to determine the quality of heat which is radiated. 3. 状语+ “动宾”结构 (---被动或主动句, it is +a. to do)

1)要是没有广阔的工程学领域里的种种技术的话,那么,决不可能有今天的文明。

Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. 2) 为了了解人们当今所处的环境,并使自己能适应这种环境,就要求具有一定的科学素养。

“为了??,就(要,需要.要求,得??)” (目的状语+”述宾”结构) (转换法 不定式做主语)

To understand one’s environment today and to be able to adapt oneself to it demand some appreciation of the scientific attitude.

3) 必须决定哪种燃料最适合。 It is necessary to decide on which type of fuel is most suitable. “It is V-ed that”

据说，可以预料／期望，预期，老实说，假设／可以假设，必须承认／认识到??”

据说，已经准备就绪，随时可以把亚洲一号卫星（亚洲一号）送入距赤道３６０００千米的远地静止轨道。 It is said that preparations are ready to fire the Asia Sat-I into distant geostationary orbit, 36000 kilo-metres away from

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the equator. Or: Preparations are said to be ready to … 4. 灵活运用非限定动词进行翻译

电容器由两块金属板组成，两块板用绝缘介质隔开。

The capacitor consists of two metal plates, separated by an insulating medium. 加热使物质中分子运动加快，加速蒸发率。

Heating makes the molecules of a material move faster, increasing the rate of evaporation. 5. 根据上下文添加主语

从地下开采到的石油不能直接使用，首先必须进行提炼。

The petroleum which comes out of the ground cannot be used for anything. It must be refined.

拆、并句法

总分复句 (总结概括的部分可单独成句)．

物理学中的一个引人注目的部分通称现代物理学，包括电子学、原子和核现象、光电学、X-射线、物质与能量的相互转换、相对论以及与电子管有关的现象和现代无线电波等。

A fascinating portion of physics is known as modern physics. This includes electronics, atomic and nuclear phenomena, photo-electricity, X rays, radioactivity, the transmutations of matter and energy, relativity, and the phenomena associated with electron tubes and the electric waves of modern radio. 流水句（“一逗到底”）的翻译 (拆开，分译为几个短句)．

爱因斯坦宣称，物质与能量是可以互相转化的，因此，没有“绝对的”时间和空间，根本就不存在什么恒星，时间与空间的测量结果取决于观测者的位置－－它们都是相对的。

Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no “absolute” time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer --- they are relative.

含多层意思的复句（拆译）

原子核由质子，或带正电荷的粒子和中子，不带电荷的粒子的结合体组成，各种元素内的质子和中子数量可以不等，但只有一些结合体是稳定的。

Atomic nuclei consists of combinations of protons, or positively charged particles, and neutrons, or uncharged particles. The number of protons and neutrons in each element can vary, but only certain combinations are stable.

分译并分段

到了２０世纪６０年代竟造出了“两弹一星”，中国发展速度是真正的奇迹。 By the 1960s, it has detonated two nuclear devices and sent a satellite to space. The development in China was nothing short of a miracle.

并句合译

实际应用物理学成果的，并不全是称为物理学家的那些人。这是因为，应用物理学原理的大多数人称之为工程师。 Practical applications of physics are not all made by those labeled as physicists, for the majority of those who apply the principle of physics are called engineers.

Homework

1. 人的体温是靠消耗血液中的糖份来维持的。

Our bodies are heated by consuming sugar in the blood.( not native ) Our bodies are heated by the consumption of sugar in the blood.

2. 预言要是得不到实验的验证,也不会推翻理论,而会使该理论得到修正,并且常常会丰富这一理论。

Failure to obtain experimental verification of predictions may not overthrow a theory, but causes its modification and often enriches it. (条件 ---- 主语 转换译法) +(动宾短语”得到修正”-----名词结构)

3. 由于担心恐怖分子可能将天花作为生物武器,约140名美国卫生官员日前接种了天花疫苗。

About 140 US health officials are being vaccinated against smallpox amid warnings that it could be used as biological weapon.

4. 需要有关怎样在医学上使用按钮电话的资料。

Information is needed as to how the touch-tone phone can be used in medicine. 5. 必须确定新设计的效率。

The efficiency of the new design must be determined. Or: it is necessary to determine the efficiency of the new design.

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6. 数学是现代工程学的语言，这样说怎么都不算太过分。

It cannot be stressed too strongly that mathematics is the language of modern engineering.

7. 医学并不只是应用生物学的一个分支，它还包括心理学、社会学、人类学、经济学等许多方面。

Medicine is not only a branch of applied biology. It also subsumed many aspects of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics.

8 少量的阿司匹林可以消炎止痛，还可以通过干扰机体的某些反应而退热。

A small quantity of aspirin relieves pain and inflammation. It also reduces fever by interfering with some of the body’s reaction.

科技翻译 (Translation of EST)-----(2)

Translation of Negation, Numerical & Multiple

Translation of Negation (Negation in form and meaning/sense)

1. Complete Negation

A) “no, not, nobody, none, nowhere, neither, nor” ,etc. -------- negative (Chinese)

e.g. Apart from the obviously arithmetical work like pay calculations, there is much work which can be put into a mathematical form although at first sight it may not appear to have anything to do with arithmetic.

除了像计算机付款这样明显的算术工作之外,还有许多工作可以表述为数学形式,虽然乍看起来他们与算术一点关系都没有。

B) emphasis on negation: “never, not … at all, cannot possibly, by no means, in no way, none, nothing, not nearly, short of” etc. ------ emphasis on negation in Chinese.

e.g. In this case, the cutting tool, that is, the drill, turns fast, but the work piece doesn’t move at all. 在这种情况下,切削刀具,即钻头,快速运转,但工件却根本不动。

2. Partial Negation

A) “not” +”every, all, both, always, each, many, much, often”, etc. or: “not” + Verbs(句子的谓语动词) ------ “不全是”, “不总是”, “并非都”, etc.

e.g. Eclipses are not seen in every part of the world. 不是在世界上所有地方都能看到日食和月食的。 Not each transistor in the box is out of order. 盒子里的晶体管并非每个都是坏的。

B) adverbs indicating negation such as “scarcely”, “hardly”, “rarely”, “seldom”, “barely”, “few”, “little”, etc. e.g. At the same time, it is noticed that the sound becomes gradually weaker, until it scarcely audible although the bell is still ringing. 同时人们会注意到, 尽管电铃仍在响, 但是声音逐渐变弱, 直至几乎听不到。

3. Negation in sense/meaning

Words & phrases showing negation: “缺陷, 缺少,脱落,排除,忽略,不知”

A). some verbs and verbal phrases such as “deny”, “fail”, “neglect”, “lack”, “ignore”, “refuse”, “miss”, “exclude”, “refrain”, “prevent…from”, “save…from”, “protect… from”, “keep…from”,etc.

e.g. The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it. 在此方程式中,损耗值太小,可以忽略不计。 Keep the petroleum from the fire. It will burst into flame. 别让石油挨近火,否则会烧起来的。 The experiment failed of success. 实验没有成功。 B). negation reflected by abstract nouns such as “absence”, “ignorance”, “exclusion”, “neglect”, “scarcity”, “lack”, etc.(抽象名词表示否定 )

e.g. Perhaps more important for today’s engineering applications is the lack of large physical and virtual memories on PCs. 对于当今的工程应用来说,也许更为重要的是PC机上缺少大容量的物理内存和虚拟内存。 A few instruments are in a state of neglect. 一些仪器处于无人管理状态。 C). adjectives & adj. phrases

“free from, far from, inferior to, few, little, short of, last, short, least, ignorant”, etc. e.g. Support is much less advanced for distributed computing than for distributed file systems. 对分布式计算提供的支持比对分布式文件系统提供的支持落后很多。

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