3 Nonverbal messages may be intentional or unintentional.
4 Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.
5 Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.
6 Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understandings.
7 Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.
8 Studying nonverbal behavior can assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.
9 The body is a major source of nonverbal messages. These messages are communicated by means of general appearance, skin color, attire, body movements (kinesics), posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage.
10 Cultures differ in their perception and use of personal space, seating, and furniture arrangement.
11 We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time and the past, present, and future, and whether or not their orientation toward time is monochronic or polychronic 12 The use of silence varies from culture to culture
Chapter 8 P324
1 The communication context is the cultural environment in which communication occurs.
2 Culturally diverse rules specify how communication is to take place by prescribing the appropriate behaviors for given contexts.
3 Rules concerning informality, formality, assertiveness, interpersonal harmony, and social status can be found in every communication setting. 4 Intercultural communication takes place both in international and domestic business settings.
5 In the cross-cultural business setting, protocol influences how contacts are made, greeting behavior, personal appearance, gift giving, and conversational taboos.
6 Management styles differ across cultures. These styles influence leadership and decision making.
7Negotiation styles differ across cultures. These differences are revealed in how cultures view the process of negotiations, the selection of negotiators, business ethics, and participation practices.
8 Intercultural conflict is part of many intercultural business contacts.
9 In North America, strategies for managing conflict include avoidance,
accommodation, competition, compromise, and collaboration. These strategies are often different from the methods of managing conflict found in other cultures.
10 Conflict can frequently be reduced by identifying the cause, keeping an open mind, slowing down, and focusing on ideas rather than people.
11 Rapidly increasing cultural diversity in the U.S. business community will require greater intercultural understanding and skills.
Chapter 9 P355-356
1 Systems of formal and informal education seek to meet the perceived needs of societies.
2 Schools are a primary means by which a culture’s history and traditions are passed from generation to generation.
3 Schools teach the informal knowledge of a culture.
4 Schools are a primary vehicle for teaching cultural values.
5 Schools in the United States are becoming increasingly diverse.
6 Schools no longer teach only Eurocentric cultural values; instead, today schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many cultures.
7 Learning preferences are particular ways in which individuals receive or process information.
8 Cognitive, communication, relational, and motivational learning preferences have a profound impact on classroom learning.
9 Students who are limited in their English proficiency face various obstacles in the classroom.
10 their strengths, weaknesses, and biases.
11 Assessing the acculturation levels of the students in the classroom will help teachers determine how much their students are involved in their own culture as well as the Anglo-American culture.
Chapter 10 P381-382
1 Culture and language diversity can cause problems in health care communication.
2 Cultures differ in the ways they explain, treat, and prevent illness.
3 Health belief systems can be divided into three categories—supernatural/ magical-religious, holistic, and scientific/biomedical—each with their own set of underlying premises.
4 Cultural diversity leads to differences in beliefs about the causes of illness. 5 Because of cultural diversity, people hold varying beliefs about how to treat illness.
6 The ways in which people try to prevent illness are culturally diverse.
7Health care practices must accommodate a culturally diverse population. 8 It is necessary for health care providers in a multicultural environment to become interculturally competent.
9 Intercultural competence requires that health care workers know not only their own culture but also the cultures of the patients they serve.
10 An interpreter should be used when a practitioner are not fluent in the language of their patients.
11 Family members and friends generally are not good interpreters because of their connection to the patient.
12 Cultural diversity affects individual beliefs about death and dying, which can lead to conflicts between providers and families about communicating bad news to patients.
Chapter 11 P410-411
1 Communication with the culturally different may lead to adverse emotional responses that trigger feelings of awkwardness and anxiety.
2 Intercultural competence means having the ability to interact effectively and appropriately with members of another linguistic-cultural background.
3 The basic components of communication competence are motivation, knowledge, skills, sensitivity, and character.
4 Potential problems in intercultural communication include failure to recognize differences, anxiety, the desire to reduce uncertainty, stereotyping, prejudice, racism, misuse of power, ethnocentrism, and culture shock.
5 To improve intercultural communication, you must know your culture, know your personal attitudes, know your communication style, monitor yourself, be empathic, be aware of cultural differences in listening, encourage feedback, develop communication flexibility, and learn about cultural adaptation.
6 Venturing into a new culture can cause anxiety and emotional disturbances. 7Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your established patterns of behavior are ineffective.
8 Culture shock has four phases: excitement, disenchantment, beginning resolution,and effective functioning.
9International immigration causes culturally and ethnically diverse societies that must learn to interact with each other.
10 Acculturation means dealing with issues of language, disequilibrium, and ethnocentrism.
11 The stress-adaptation-growth model provides a theoretical view of cultural adaptation in which sojourners reduce the initial stress of a new cultural environment,learn to adapt to the new culture, and eventually achieve personal growth.
12 Disequilibrium may be dealt with through four coping mechanisms:
assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization.
13 Adaptation strategies include making personal contact with the host culture, learning about the host culture, and participating in cultural activities. 14 Host cultures may react negatively at times to immigration because they see their familiar cities and neighborhoods being transformed into multiethnic, multicultural societies.
15 Ethics focuses on appropriate behavior in interpersonal interactions, both within your own culture and when you are in another culture.
16 There are two major perspectives on ethics: fundamentalism and cultural relativism.
17 Messages elicit responses that may have negative consequences for the message recipient.
18 It is important to have respect for others when engaged in intercultural communication.
19 Searching for commonalities between people and cultures helps develop an inter-cultural ethic.
20 Respecting cultural differences is essential to ethical intercultural communication.
21 Above all else, you must accept responsibility for your communicative behavior.
四．Activities and Discuss Ideas. Chapter 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 10 11
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