跨文化交际复习资料
名词解释
Globalization is worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.
Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
The dominant culture is a type of culture that one group possesses the power to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will usually follow.
Co-cultures are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities and from the dominant culture.
Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.
Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.P25
Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.P189
Stereotypes are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures make about the characteristics of members of various groups.P42
A stereotype is a cognitive structure containing the perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, and experiences about some human social groups.P170
Objectivity is the state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices.P43
Social organizations or social institutions are the groups that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of life and methods for living that life.P49
Family is a group of intimates, who generate a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of a history and a future.P54
Individualism is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation, autonomy, and independent thinking, which takes in the following forms. People’s personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the
employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits to them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Such thought stresses personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression.P198. P199.P67 Collectivism is a kind of thought that people primarily view themselves as members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous individuals. In such cultures people emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views. needs, and goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish the self from in-group; and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.
History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity.
The worldview of a people is the way they interpret reality and events, including images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them.P97
Worldview functions as a guide to help people determine what the world looks like and how they should function within that world.P98
Identity is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process.
Cultural identity: the identification of communications of a shared system of symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members who have a sense of belonging and who share traditions, heritage, language, and similar norms of appropriate behavior. Cultural identity is a social construction.P154
Prejudices are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.
Prejudice amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people. Prejudice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes supported by little or no direct evidence. Prejudice may target people of a particular social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, or ethnicity.P173
Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus it assumes that success or failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.P177
Ethnocentrism is the notion that one’s own culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cultural standards. We are ethnocentric when we view other
cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position. Perception is the process whereby people convert external events and experiences into meaningful internal understanding.P185
Beliefs serve as the storage system for the content of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.P187
Cultural patterns are a useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about values, beliefs, and other orientations collectively.P190
Uncertainty avoidance defines the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.P201
Power distance is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the less powerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as normal.P203
Masculinity and feminity refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.P205
A being orientation refers to spontaneous expression of the human personality.P213
The being-in-dong orientation stresses the idea of development and growth. It emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of all aspects of the self as an integral whole.P214
The doing orientation describes activity in which accomplishments are measurable by standards external to the individual.P214
Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.P215
Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.P246
All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural, social, and physical settings in which it occurs. These settings are called the communication context.
Intercultural communication competence is the overall internal capability of an individual to manage the key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group posture, and the accompanying experience of stress.P384
Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.
Ethics refers to judgments that focus on degrees of rightness and wrongness,
virtue and vice, and obligation in human behavior.P404
翻译
1.Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ---Confucius.性相近，习相远。--孔子
2.Lack of communication has given rise to differences in language, in thinking, in systems of belief and culture generally. These differences have made hostility among societies endemic and seemingly eternal.--Isaac Asimov P1 语言，思维以及信仰和文化体制的差异通常源于匮乏的交流。这些差异使社会的敌意根深蒂固，似乎无穷无尽。
3.In every conceivable manner, the family is a link to our past and a bridge to our future.---Alex Haley
在生活的方方面面，家庭总是联系过去的纽带，沟通未来的桥梁。
4.History is philosophy teaching by example. ---Henry ST. John Bolingbroke 历史是提供实例讲解的哲学。
5.The particular human chain we’re part of is central to our individual identity.---Elizabeth Stone
个人认同感的重要组成部分是我们拥有的并置身其中的独特的人类联系。
6.The value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose.---Richard Grant P152
我们寻求认同感的过程，其意义常常带有目的性。
7.Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.---Mahatma Gandhi. 8.On a group of theories one can find a school; but on a group of values one can find a culture, a civilization, a new way of living together among men. ---Ignazio Silone. P184
信仰决定思想。思想决定语言。语言决定(形成)行动。行动决定习惯。习惯决定价值。价值决定命运。(此句中的value 意为价值观，为了保持译语的结构匀称，就译为价值)
9.If one finger is sore, the whole hand will hurt.--Chinese Proverb 牵一发而动全身。
10.Our lives are all different and yet the same. ---Anne Frank. 我们的生活都各不相同却又十分相似。
11.There are times when silence has the loudest voice.--Leroy Brownlow 有时沉默往往具有爆发力。
12.To know what people think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.--Rene Descartes.P243 知人所知，观人所做，勿信人所说。
13.Live together like brothers and do business like strangers.--Arab Proverb 生活似兄弟，经商如异客。
14.You will never know a man till you do business with him.--Scottish Proverb. P285
生意场上见本真。
15.Human history is increasingly a race between intercultural education and disaster. If education is not intercultural, it is probably not education, but rather the inculcation of nationalist or religious fundamentalism.--David Coulby. 人类历史更多地体现为跨文化教育和大灾难的竞赛。教育不跨文化，它也许算不上真正的教育，充其量它只是在反复灌输国家主义(民族主义)和基要主义(基要主义强调直解《圣经》)
16.Our young must be taught that racial peculiarity do exist, but that beneath the skin, beyond the differing features and into the true heart of being, fundamentally we are more alike, my friend, than we are unlike.--Maya Angelou.P326
年轻人必须知道种族独特性确实存在，姑且不论肤色，不论各自的不同点，单从人们真实的内心世界就可以看出，本质上与其说我们不同，不如说我们彼此相同。(此句介词短语翻译的不到位，略有欠缺)
17.If you are not in tune with the universe, there is sickness in the heart and mind.--Navajo Saying.
与世界唱反调者，其内心必有顽疾。
18.He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.--Arabian Saying.P357
人有健康就有了希望，有希望就拥有一切。
19.No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive.--Mahatma Gandhi. 任何排外的文化终将灭亡。
20.You cannot expect to achieve new goals or move beyond your present circumstance unless you change.--Les Brown.P383 惟有改变自己，一个人才能实现目标，甚至超越自己。
谚语警句
21.One who does not honor the penny is not worthy of the dollar.看轻一美分者不配拥有一美元。
22.A penny saved is a penny earned.聚沙成塔，水滴石穿。/省钱即赚钱。 23.The quacking duck is the first to get shot.P29枪打出头鸟。 24.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
25.He who hesitates is lost.当断不断，必受其患。 26.Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于语言。
27.Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴焉得虎子。 28.Man does not live by bread alone.人活着不能只靠面包。
29.Make hay while the sun shines.晒草须乘日照时。(乘热打铁，勿失良机) 30.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。
31.Pull yourself up by your bootstraps你要重新振作起来啊！
Pull oneself up by one's own bootstraps直译过来就是：“通过自己的靴带站起身来”，这个短语的正确意思是：“不依靠他人，经过自己的努力来改善不良的处境”。因此，当美国人说\时，他/她要表达的意思就是:\、\、\of the bad state by your own struggle.\
百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，免费范文网，提供经典小说综合文库湖北工业大学英语专业 跨文化交际复习资料在线全文阅读。
相关推荐：