32.No pain, no gain.一分耕耘一分收获。/不劳而无获。 33.A man’s home is his castle.一个人的家就是他的城堡。
U.S. a proverbial expression of personal privacy and security.
34.The squeaky wheel gets the grease. 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。/会哭的孩子有奶吃。to convey the idea that the most noticeable (or loudest) problems are the ones most likely to get attention. It is alternately expressed as \wheel gets the oil\
35.Variety is the spice of life.变化是生活的调味品。变化乃是生活的情趣。Diversity makes life interesting, as in Jim dates a different girl every week variety is the spice of life, he claims . This phrase comes from William Cowper's poem, \gives it all its flavor.\ Changes and new experiences make life delightful. 36.Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.坏事不过二。
Proverb an unusual situation or event is unlikely to happen again in exactly the same circumstances or to the same person.The same misfortune will never recur, as in Go ahead and try your luck investing in options again; lightning never strikes twice . This saying is based on a long-standing myth, which has been proved to be untrue. Nevertheless, it is so well known it is often shortened, as in the example. [Mid-1800s]
37.There is more than one way to skin a cat.解决事情的方法不止一种。A problem generally has more than one solution.
38.God gave us the nuts but he doesn’t crack them. 上帝给予我们美好的未来,但需要我们自己去奋斗。
39.What you can do today,don’t postpone until tomorrow.今日事今日毕。
40.To know the road ahead,ask those coming back.P30欲知前方事,且问过来人。
41.One does not make the wind,but is blown by it.顺天者昌,逆天者亡。
42.Since we cannot get what we like,let us like what we get.与其失去喜欢的，不如喜欢拥有的。
43.Man proposes and God disposes.成事在人，谋事在天。 44.Fall seven times, stand up eight.永不言败。永不放弃。 45.A man’s tongue is his sword.言辞即匕首。
46.Those who know do not speak and those who speak do not know.知者不言，言者不慧。
47.Even in paradise, it’s not good to be alone.即使在天堂，人们总是聚集在一起。
48.A table is not blessed if it has fed no scholars.不服务学者的桌子不值得拥有。
49. When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion. 蛛网联结可束缚雄狮。 50.A single arrow is easily broken,but not a bunch.一箭易折，一束难折。 51.A single hand cannot lift the calabash to the head.单手难以提起葫芦头。 52.A harsh word dropped from the tongue cannot be brought back by a coach and six horses.一个人所说的难听的话即使用一辆有六匹马的马车也难以收回。 53.The spit aimed at the sky comes back to one.害人反害己。
54.Kick a stone in anger and harm your own foot.愤怒的踢石头反而伤害自己的脚。
55 .Sweep only in front of your own door.各扫自家门前雪。
56.He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own.爱管闲事的人没有好下场
57.A zebra does not despise its stripes.知识(智慧)比珠宝更好.斑马不会小看它身上的条纹。
58.I dance to the tune that is played.我随着曲子起舞。
59.The candle of someone who lies almost always burns just to midnight.说谎者必半路败露其真面孔。P31
60.A house without an elderly person is like an orchard without a well.没有老者(长辈)的房子好比只有枯井的果园。P72
61.Don’t beat around the bush.不要拐弯抹角了。 62.Tell it like it is.P218实话实说.
63.One’s face is the mirror of one’s soul.脸是反映灵魂的镜子。P259 64.The eyes indicate the antiquity of the soul.眼睛能反映心灵的深度。
65.Thou tell’st me there is murder in mine eye.我从你的眼中看出一股杀气。 66.Just give me the bottom line.说个截止期限吧。
67.Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事今日毕。
填空题
Chapter 1 P46
1 Intercultural communication presents you with a challenge you must meet if you are to become an effective communicator in today’s world.
2 New and improved technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.Everyone worldwide will be affected by and need to communicate about finite natural resources and the environment to help reduce and avoid international conflict.
3 Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbers.
4 Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
5 All cultures have a dominant or national culture that is normally defined by examining the people who control the power within the culture.
6 Co-cultural communication is communication between members who hold two or more divergent cultural experiences that might influence the communication process.
7 Communication accomplishes many interpersonal needs, helps establish personal identities, and has an influence on people.
8 Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their
internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
9 Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, learned, and has a consequence.
10 Culture and communication are so intertwined that it is easy to think that culture is communication and communication is culture.
11 Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival.
12 Culture seeks to inform its members what to expect from life, and therefore reduces confusion and helps them predict what to expect from life.
13 The elements that compose a culture are history, religion, values, social organizations, and language.
14 Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols and a dynamic and integrated system.
15 Some of the problems with studying intercultural communication involve individual uniqueness, stereotyping, lack of objectivity, and viewing communication as a cure-all.
Chapter 2 P95-96
1 The deep structures of a culture, which include such elements as family, history (country), and religion (worldview), are important because they carry a culture’s most important beliefs. Their messages endure, are deeply felt, and help supply much of a identity.
2 Families can take a variety of different forms.
3Traditional definitions of “family” are undergoing changes in the United States 4 Globalization has had a major impact on traditional family structures throughout the world.
5Families perform a series of key functions in all cultures. These functions include teaching members of the culture about reproduction, economics, socialization and religion, identity, and communication.
6The family also teaches gender roles, views on individualism and collectivism, perceptions of aging, and social skills. 7History and culture are interwoven.
8The study of intercultural communication and the study of history go hand in hand.
9History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us knowledge of antiquity.
10The influence of history is difficult to explain, because it contains all of the deep structure elements of culture.
11 A culture’s history affects individual perception and behavior and how people relate to other cultures.
12 Historical events help explain the character of a culture.
13History is a key element in developing a culture’s identity, values, goals, and expectations.
Chapter 4 P182
1 There are many reasons behind the need to understand identity, including personal and psychological well-being. Identity is also a focal point of intercultural communication, which is becoming increasingly important as a result of both globalization and domestic diversity within the United States. 2 Identity is a highly abstract, dynamic, multifaceted concept that defines who you are. Turner places identities into three general categories: human, social, and personal.Hall uses three similar categories: personal, relational, and communal.
3 Every individual has multiple identities—racial, ethnic, gender, national, regional, organizational, personal, and perhaps cyber/fantasy—that act in concert. The importance of any single identity is a result of the situation.
4 Identity is acquired through interaction with other members of one’s cultural group.The family exerts a primary influence on early identity formation. Identity development models have been constructed by Phinney and by Martin and Nakayama.
5 Identities are established through group membership and are enacted in a variety of ways, including rites of passage, personal appearance, and participation in com-memorative events. Concepts of identity within the same group can change over time.
6 Identity plays a critical role in intercultural communication. Competent intercultural communication is achieved when the participants find commonality in ascribed and avowed identities.
7 As society becomes increasingly multicultural, new concepts of cultural identity are evolving.
8Stereotyping occurs when persons categorize experiences about another group of people and let those categorizations guide their behavior. Stereotypes refer to the behavioral norm of the whole group of people, not individual persons.
9 A prejudice is a strong feeling or attitude toward a particular social group or thing.
10 Racist persons believe that their race is superior to another race of people. 11Ethnocentrism occurs when persons believe their culture is superior to other cultures.
Chapter 5 P219-220
1 Culture and communication are so intertwined that it is easy to conceive of culture as communication and communication as culture.
2 Culture seeks to tell its members what to expect from life, and thereby reduces confusion and helps predict the future.
3 The basic elements of culture are history, religion, values, social organizations, and language.
4 Culture is shared, learned behavior that promotes individual and social
survival, adaptation, and growth and development.
5 Culture most directly affects communication because culture is (1) learned, (2) transmitted from generation to generation, (3) based on symbols, (4) dynamic, and (5) an integrated process.
6 Perception is best defined as “the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.” 7 Perception is the primary mechanism by which you develop your worldview.
8 Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of something—with or without proof.
9 Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.
10 Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
Dominant American cultural patterns include individualism, equal opportunity, material acquisition, science and technology, progress and change, work and play, and competitive nature.
11 A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns that explains both perceptual and communication differences is Hofstede’s Values Dimension, which includes (1) individualism and collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) power distance, (4) masculinity and femininity, and (5) long-term and short-term orientation.
12 The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck Value Orientation taxonomy includes (1) human nature, (2) the perception of nature, (3) time, (4) activity, and (5) relationships.
13 In Halls Context Orientation, high context and low context describe the degree to which individuals rely on internalized information.
14 For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take different forms and are valued differently across cultures. Face is a function of group affiliation in collectivistic cultures and is self-derived in individualistic cultures. In conflict situations, collectivistic cultures focus on other-face and mutual face, while individualistic cultures focus on self-face.
Chapter 7 P283
1. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because people make judgments about others based on their nonverbal behavior, use nonverbal messages to create impressions, and use non-verbals to manage interaction.
2 Nonverbal communication is culture-bound.
Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication set-ting that (1) are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and (2) have potential message value for the source or receiver.
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