【西南●最新版】[0181]《语言学导论》网上作业及课程考试复习资(3)

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参考答案：B

[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role

B：a significant role

C：a basic role

D： no role

参考答案：A 第4批作业 [单选题]

READING COMPREHENSION. Read the passage, choose the correct answer to the question following the passage. (Notice: In the final exam, there will be five questions following the passage.)

Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learnt the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact.

Now, what is meant by system? Every language operates within its own system, that is, within its own recurring patterns or arrangements which are meaningful to its speakers. The sounds, which are used to form words, which, in turn, are used in speech utterances, are always arranged in particular ways or designs which convey the same meaning to all speakers of the language. Let us examine some examples in English.

When I say the words \of a man previously mentioned. \men”, on the other hand, conveys the meaning of more than one man. When you hear \ it would fit into the place used for verbs in sentence. \hand, would fit into the slot used for what we generally call a noun, wouldn't it? To continue, in English, word order is an important part of the system. Compare the two sentences: \bit the lady.” and \lady bit the cat.” The forms of the words are exactly the same, aren't they? But what a difference in the meaning!

Examining another feature of the \adjectives don't \with nouns. We say \boys are tall” and \tall boys”; \language of your students, changes may occur because of gender (masculine or feminine) or because of number (singular or plural).

This system of meaningful arrangements of sounds and forms in speech which the youngest native speaker knows by the time he reaches six or seven may differ in important respects from any other language system in the world.

Question:

From this passage it can be said of language that ______.

A：Different languages are different in their grammatical systems.

B：Languages that possess the feature of gender agreement may be more complex than those that do not.

C：The change of word order will change the meaning of a sentence.

D： Different cultures have different languages.

参考答案：A 第5批作业 [论述题]

Answer the following question in 120 to 160

words.

1. Why are speech and writing treated differently in linguistics?

2. How should errors on the part of foreign language learners be treated? 3. What is an indirect speech act?

4. What are conversational implicatures? Exemplify how they arise. 5. What is a register？

参考答案：

1．While speech is the vocal/spoken form of language, writing is the written form of

language. They belong to different systems though they may overlap. That speech is primary over writing is a general principle of linguistic analysis. First, speech existed long before writing systems came into being. Second, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds. Third, genetically children learn

to speak before learning to write. Everything considered, speech is believed to more representative of human language than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thus focused on speech, different from traditional grammar of the 19th century and therebefore.

2． ①When a second language learner uses a linguistic item in a way which fluent or

native speakers of the language regards as showing faulty or incomplete learning, he is considered to have made an error. Usually, error is used as a cover term referring generally to the learner's misuse of the target language, may it be grammatical or pragmatic, conscious or unconscious. ②The structuralist linguists follow the behavioristic view that to learn is to change old habits and build new habits. In their opinion errors occur when the learner fails to respond correctly to a particular stimulus in the second language. Since an error may serve as a negative stimulus which reinforces \occur. ③The post-structuralists regard errors as evidence of the learning

process. By making hypothesis about the target language, the learner arrives at a particular interlanguage. Then he modifies his hypothesis and goes towards the target language. ④ Obviously, errors can be found at the stage of interlanguage. As stated by Corder (1967), errors are significant in the process of language teaching and learning.

3. According to the speech act theory, each utterance is produced with a certain illocutionary force, and at the same

time, a speech act is performed in the name of that illocutionary force. For example, in producing \the room!”, the speaker performs a speech act of ordering. An indirect speech act is a speech act performed indirectly, that is through performing another kind of speech act. For example, people often indirectly perform the speech act of requesting through performing the speech act of questioning, as the mother does in the following conversation:

Mother: Tommy, can you pass me the salt? Tom: Here you are. Mother: Thanks, honey.

Obviously, the mother here is not asking Tom whether he has the ability to pass her the salt; instead, she is making an indirect speech act, i.e. a request.

Indirect speech acts are often felt to be more polite ways of performing certain kinds of speech act, such as requests and refusals.

4． According to Grice, when we speak we generally have something like the Cooperative Principle and its

maxims in our mind to guide us, though sub-consciously, or even unconsciously. We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner. Hearers will also try to interpret what is said to them in this way. The CP and its maxims not always strictly observed. In blatant, apparent violations, the speaker deliberately violates some maxims and makes it clear to his hearers, yet at a deeper level the CP and its maxims are still thought, by both the speaker and his hearers, to be upheld.

When blatant, apparent violations of some maxims take place, what Grice terms \will arise. The following conversation illustrates the violation of the maxim of relation:

A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don't you think so? B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren't they?

B's response is obviously not relevant to A's question. The conversational

implicature of B's utterance is something like \is not proper to talk about her here and now.”

5. There exist types or varieties of the same one language, and they are assumed to be related both to the language

user and to the use to which language is put. Varieties that are related to use are known as Registers. (According to Halliday, \language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situation is a register.) Halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.

Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the

situation in question: who the participants in the communication group are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with \out. Fundamental to the mode of discourse is the distinction between speaking and wring.

The three variables are the features of the context of situation which determine the features of language appropriate to the situation, i.e. register. And they determine the register collectively, not piecemeal.

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