曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
4.1.2.2方针
绿色生态住宅小区建设的方针是：节能、节水、节地、治污 。
4.1.2.3目标
绿色生态住宅小区建设的目标是以科技为先导，以推进住宅生态环境建设及提高住宅产业化水平为总体目标，以住宅小区 为载体，全面提高住宅小区节能、节水、节地、治污总体水平，带动相关产业发展，实现社会、经济、环境效益的统一 4.1.2.4重点内容 ? 充分考虑绿色能源(如：太阳能、风能、地热能、废热资源等) 使用； ? 充分考虑节地原则 ，以提高土地使用效率； ? 注重节水技术与水资源循环利 用技术；
?
应尽量使用可重复利用材料、可循环利用材料和再生材料(3R材料) ； ? 必须实行严格的质量控制，并达到国家的工程验收标准。 4.1.2.5具体要求 ? 工程建设要点 ? 水环境系统 ? 气环境系统 ? 声环境系统 ? 光环境系统 ? 热环境系统 ? 绿化系统
?
废弃物管理及处置系统
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
4.1.2.2 Guide line
Energy saving, water saving, land use efficiency, and environmental pollution control
4.1.2.3 Objective
Scientific, social, economic, and environmental solutions for ecological communities
4.1.2.4 Key points
? Using renewable energy
? Reducing land consumption and efficient land use ? Water saving and re-use technology ? Material reduction and re-use
?
National Quality Standards
4.1.2.5 Details ? Construction
? Water environment system ? Air quality
? Noise environment ? Lighting system ? Heating system ? Plant system
?
Solid waste control system
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
4.1.3欧盟生态城市计划指导手册
随着人们对经济全球化快速发展带来的种种环境危机越来越清晰的认识，决策者、规划设计师以及公众已经意识到生态可持续性发展才是城市发展的正确出路。现在，在整个欧洲，制定可持续性城市发展框架的工作已经成为了尖端的领域，要求将综合理论与各地区的实际情况合理的进行结合。
? 城市发展是一个循环过程
城市的发展通常要经过几个步骤：原始形态阶段（出现一些无联系的单型实体），预规划阶段，根据已有方针进行城市规划阶段，详细规划及建筑规划阶段，实施性规划阶段。 ? 创造一个生态城市：综合规划方法
一个理想的综合规划的核心组成部分就是城市生态可持续性发展。这个规划需要建立在对城市发展复杂过程的了解以及找出各核心要素的联系上。综合规划的核心要素包括：多学科综合方法论，反复的分析过程，以及通过对各要素分析后的整体把握。
? 创造一个生态城市：多方面参与
多方面参与的核心内容是将生态可持续性的各个发展影响因素都纳入到规划体系中。更多的相关参与者进入决策制定系统，就可以最大可能的避免不利于生态可持续发展的决策与设计出现。 ? 创造一个生态城市：运行与监控
仅仅完成城市规划建设并不是创造一个生态城市的全部，还需要规划一套合理的城市运行与监控系统。
4.1.3 Ecocity
Confronted with the complexity that characterises the real process of the construction of the city today, the conventional approach clearly displays its adequacy. With the current framework of environmental crises and economic globalisation, it is easy to understand how and why this inadequacy is increasingly noted by planning experts, politicians and citizens.
The Ecocity project is a pioneering experience in pan-European planning and evaluation within the framework of sustainable urbanism. It represents the first effort in trying to integrate theory and practice on this scale. ? Urban development as a cyclical progress
? Creating an Ecocity: the integrated planning approach ? Creating an Ecocity: participation
? Creating an Ecocity: monitoring and evaluation
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
4.1.4欧盟生态城市设计理论研究
制定可持续开发的环境发展战略应该首先基于对目标区域的气候、地理、文化、历史等方面情况的详细了解，同时结合丰富的经验和良好的创新来进行。在进行可持续性城市规划时，应该注意对环境的保护和促进，这主要体现在差异性保护（促进环境的多样性和适应性），生产性保护（提高环境资源利用效率和循环利用），以及减压性保护（减轻气候环境的压力）。具体内容有：
? 选址与朝向
无论做何种规划开发设计，自然采光都是需要重点考虑的因素之一。制定合理的自然采光和自然风的利用战略，可以有效的降低城市能源的消耗。对于不同区域来说，可利用的太阳能源情况并不一样。例如，相比南欧国家，北欧国家的太阳高度角全年都处在一个较低的位置，因此这里的建筑可以吸收更多的太阳光线。归纳来讲，影响自然采光和自然风利用的主要因素包括：朝向、建筑形态、周边地型情况以及相邻区域的开发建设程度。 ? 开发密度
规划开发设计的目标通常包括增加城市中心的活力，增加资源共享的潜力和通过分流来减少城市交通工具使用量。可持续性城市规划设计应该将开发密度控制在一个合理的程度，即控制人、能源、食品、货品、水和垃圾几个因素达到一个动态平衡。此外，制定开发密度时，还应考虑气候因素、社会因素、地型因素、区位因素以及现状居民因素。 ? 气候环境优化
城市的气候环境优化也是其可持续性发展的重要保证之一。气候环境优化包括太阳光因素、自然风因素、温度因素、湿度因素和空气质量因素。 ? 建筑物
建筑物的设计是可持续性发展规划的重要一环，主要包括建筑形态和材料的选择。建筑形态的选择原则是使自然采光最大化和能量保持最优化。不同建筑材料的选择同样影响着能源的利用和保持。例如，在自然采光良好的区域，一些透明或浅色材质的选择可以增加自然光吸收的效率，但在自然采光不好的区域，这些材料又会加速建筑内部能量的流失。 ? 能源管理
实现能源利用的最优化是生态可持续发展的核心。其内容主要包括能源管理利用、固体废物管理、水资源管理、雨水收集战略和光污染。 ? 交通策略
生态可持续性的城市交通规划要求就是提高其“可持续适应性”，即在保证交通系统达到其经济需求和社会需求的前提下，尽可能降低它对环境的影响。其内容主要包括城市交通系统控制、可再生能源利用以及信息管理系统。
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
4.1.4 Sustainable Urban Design
Environmental strategies for sustainable development should be based on an understanding of the climate, geography, culture and traditions of a location, combined with knowledge of best practice experience and innovation. Sustainable urban design and planning should promote an environment which offers: diversity, productivity, and protection. ? Site Selection and Orientation
Solar access should be a principal influence on the planning of any development. Consideration must be given to the need for heating or cooling and to daily and seasonal variations in solar radiation and wind flows, which will determine the relative importance of solar and wind strategies. These factors vary across Europe; for example, in northern Europe the sun is at a lower angle for any given time of the year, causing longer shadows, and more solar radiation is desirable in buildings there than in countries further south. ? Density
The move towards revitalising and repopulating inner city sites with high density, mixed-use developments aims to improve the viability and vitality of urban centres, increase the potential for shared resources and reduce vehicle use generated by suburban dispersal. A sustainable approach to the issue of density reduces the dominance of the role of the car and instead considers less environmentally damaging ways of achieving the horizontal and vertical movement of people, energy, food, goods, water and waste. ? Climate Optimisation
Climate Optimisation is an important part of sustainable planning approach, and it includes solar radiation, wind, temperature, relative humidity and air quality. ? Buildings
Building materials exposed to direct solar radiation will store this as heat which is released after a time period depending on the reflectance and heat storage capacity of the material. In hot climates, light coloured, reflective surfaces are preferable for reducing the heat gain of a structure by day, but care should be taken to reduce exposure to glare caused by light reflected off these surfaces, and glass facades in particular.
Optimum building forms vary according to climatic parameters and can have a profound impact on the form of urban spaces. In all climates, building design should aim to maximise day lighting, energy conservation, and shelter (solar or wind shelter, depending on the climate). In general compact building forms are preferable. By minimising the surface to volume ratio, heat losses and gains can also be minimised.
? Resource Management
Resource optimisation is the core part of sustainable planning approaches, including energy and resource management, waste management, water management, and light pollution. ? Transport
?Sustainable mobility‘ is the facilitation of transport which fulfils its economic and social functions while limiting its detrimental effect on the environment. This includes design and planning strategies which support and promote less environmentally damaging transport systems for people and goods. Often, this may involve urban zoning to reduce travel distances and the provision of facilities which encourage low or zero energy modes of transport.
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
4.2规划原则
根据深入的理论研究，生态可持续性规划方法可以归纳为四个方面，分别是：选址和朝向、交通策略、绿地空间系统、土地利用及使用强度。针对每种方法，又经过对理论原则的把握，对经典案例的研究，以及结合控规的指引，得出以下规划原则。 选址和朝向 ? 选择最佳朝向，最大化利用太阳能资源和自然采光； ? 选择坡度最佳区域，达到最佳通风效果； ? 选择水系微气候影响区域，降低空调使用率； ?
选择地热源覆盖区域，降低冬季采暖能源使用量。
交通策略 ? 城际非生态能源交通进入社区后改乘生态能源车辆； ? 停车场布置与区内公共交通网紧密结合；
? 步行与自行车行道路形成网络与公交系统结合同时与生态绿地网络结合； ?
道路断面设计考虑公交、自行车与人行等生态交通方式。
绿地空间系统 ? 融入社区空间的生态网络有效减弱了城市热岛现象； ? 合理的绿地比例能够形成人与自然共生的社区环境； ? 绿色生态网络可以吸收城市发展带来的废气污染； ?
绿色生态网络可以为野生动物提供良好的栖息环境。
土地利用及使用强度
? 用地结构与公共交通系统紧密结合；
? 在用地功能布置中充分考虑混合使用土地；
? 在控规用地规划深入到小类阶段有更加明确的体现。
以上关于可持续规划的四个方面的原则将在章节4.3至4.6中详细讨论。其中有关可持续规划方法的相关案例分析可见附录
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
4.2 Planning Principles
Based on the theory study, the sustainable urban planning approaches include four parts: site selection and orientation, transportation strategy, green space system, density and mix of uses. Through theory study, case studies and combined with the detailed control planning, the principals are shown below: Site Selection and Orientation
? Aspect (using the southern aspect of the hill is better for solar gain) ? Slope (making good use of the valley wind is better for natural ventilation)
? Water microclimate (use of the land close to water to reduce the use of air conditioning in summer) ? Terrestrial Heat (using the terrestrial heat for heating in winter) Transportation Strategy
? Transfer of inter-city public transport to electric buses at the interchange ? Connection of car parking areas with the public transport system
? Connection of the pedestrian and cycle network with the public transport system and integration with
the green space ? Including the bus lane/ cycle lane/ pedestrian pavement in the road sections Green Space System
? Division of the town centre into several parts by green corridors to help reduce the urban heat island
effect ? Well balanced natural and artificial space to create a harmonious environment ? Green space will help to absorb the vehicle exhaust emissions ? Green space network to create a continuous wildlife habitat Density and Mix of Uses
? Connection of the land uses with the public transport system
? Consideration of the mix of land use and densities in the land use structure ? This approach will be implemented in the more detailed plan
These four aspects of sustainable planning are discussed in more detail in Sections 4.3 to 4.6. Case studies related to the approaches that were used for reference in the study are presented in the Appendix.
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
4.3规划方法――选址和朝向
为了在规划布局上充分结合考虑基地环境现状，在规划选址时应用了GIS技术手段以识别最适宜的建设地段。在GIS模型分析中主要考虑了以下因子：
? 坡向 – 以面南方向为好 ? 地形坡度 – 尽量避开陡峭坡地
? 水边微气候 – 靠近水体的地方有利于开发 ? 地热源利用 – 充分利用温泉资源
? 水体可视性 – 尽量选择在可以看见水体的场地进行开发 ? 生态绿地 – 避免在该类用地上开发
? 道路污染 – 避免高程度噪音和空气质量恶化影响 ?
土地利用 – 减少现有土地利用的负面影响
将在以下内容中详细分析这些要素。选择在获得高分值的区域进行开发。对这些因子赋值，得出的综合评价结果表明了场地不同地段开发的方向。
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
4.3 Planning Approach – Site Selection and Orientation
In order to relate the existing environmental site conditions to the planning layout, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed and used in the analysis of the site selection and orientation to identify the most suitable areas. GIS layers were developed in a model for the following aspects:
? orientation – preference to develop on south facing areas ? terrain – steep slopes should be avoided
? water micro-climate – beneficial to develop near water bodies
? terrestrial heat – in order to make the best use of the hot spring resources
? views of water bodies – preference to develop in areas with views of the water areas in the site ? ecological green areas – to avoid development in this area ? road pollution – to avoid high noise and air quality impacts ?
land use – to minimise impacts on existing land use
The analysis of each of these factors is presented in the following pages. Areas preferred for development have higher values. The factors were then weighted and the combined results indicate the preferred development areas with the site.
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