曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
2000年曲靖城区环境空气质量监测统计结果
二氧化硫 Sulphur dioxide(SO2) 污染物统计指标 二氧化氮 Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) 总悬浮颗粒物 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) ·二氧化硫 日均浓度和年均浓度均达GB3095-1996二级标准。 ·二氧化氮 日均浓度有超标现象，最大值超标倍数0.20倍，超标率1.25％；年均浓度低于二级空气质量标准，达标。 ·总悬浮颗粒物 日均浓度出现过超标，最大值超标0.41倍，超标率3.8％；年均浓度达到空气二级环境质量标准。 ·从污染负荷比分析，曲靖市城区空气污染物主要是总悬浮颗粒物（TSP），其次是二氧化硫和二氧化氮。 日 均 浓 度 年 均 浓 度 浓度范围(mg/Nm3) 最大超标倍数 超标率(％) GB3095-1996二级标准 浓度范围(mg/Nm3) 超标倍数 GB3095-1996二级标准 污染负荷比(％) 0.000～0.123 — 0 0.15 0.024 — 0.06 27.46 0.002～0.143 0.20 1.25 0.12 0.025 — 0.08 21.41 0.058～0.424 0.41 3.80 0.30 0.149 — 0.20 51.13
1.3研究目标
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The scope and purpose of the study is to provide the research and background information to give a basis for decisions regarding the sustainable planning of the new development and the types of technologies to be adopted. The objectives of the study are therefore as follows:
1. To provide an overall framework or model for the sustainable development of the resort and community
development. 2. To review relevant sustainable planning approaches and recommend how these can be integrated into the
regulatory planning. 3. To conduct focus studies on four environmental technologies (energy, water, solid waste and green
buildings) in order to recommend the most appropriate methods to be adopted for the site and included in the regulatory plan where applicable. With the implementation of these recommendations at the planning, detailed design and construction and operation stages it is anticipated that the future development can be more sustainable.
This report should be read in conjunction with the Regulatory Planning report which provides details of the utilities planning and how the recommendations are applied within the spatial layout.
研究的范围和目的在于提供研究与背景信息，为新开发项目的可持续规划和将采用技术的决策提供基础。研究目标如下：
1. 为旅游社区的可持续发展提供总体框架和模型。
2. 评审相关的可持续规划方法，建议如何将这些方法与规章的计划相整合。
3. 开展四项环境技术的重点研究（能源、水、固体废料和绿色建筑），以便提出最适合旅游社区的方法，并有效支撑控制性详细规划的编制。 通过对规划、详细设计和建设，以及运营阶段建议的实时，今后的发展将更趋可持续化。 本报告是控制性详细规划的专题研究，控制性详细规划中将提供本研究结论的具体信息，以及具体在空间布局内实施建议的方法。
1.4报告内容
1.4 Content of the report
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
除概述部分，本报告由9个章节组成，分别是：
Following this introductory section the report comprises 9 further chapters, as follows:
第2章：提供可持续发展的简介，城市规划如何与可持续性相关，以及新发展阶段的新目标； 第3章：概述本项目所采用的可持续发展模型；
第4章：讨论在控制性详细规划中需要应用的生态规划方法；
第5章到第8章：重点研究的具体信息，涵盖能源、水资源、固体废料和绿色建筑领域，并就此提出具体建议；
第9章：重点介绍适用于旅游社区开发和运营的国际认可的认证程序；以及 第10章：总结，并说明如何通过规划，实现第3章所述的可持续发展目标。
? Chapter 2 provides an introduction to sustainable development, how urban planning relates to
sustainability and what will be the broad goal at the new development; ? Chapter 3 outlines the model for sustainable development adopted for this project;
? Chapter 4 discusses the various planning approaches reviewed and integrated within the overall planning; ? Chapters 5 to 8 give details of the focus studies covering the areas of energy, water, solid waste and
green buildings and giving recommendations for the site; ? Chapter 9 highlights some internationally recognized certification programmes which may be applicable to
the site as it becomes developed and operational; and ? Chapter 10 provides a conclusion and highlights how the plan has achieved the sustainability objectives
as laid out in Chapter 3.
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
2. 可持续性发展简介 2.1 何谓可持续性发展？
2. Introduction to Sustainable Development 2.1 What is Sustainable Development?
The concept of Sustainable Development started over 20 years ago and since then has had an increasing level of importance in global forums and policy-making. The history of sustainable development is charted below.
自从20年前可持续性发展这个概念第一次被提出以来，其重要地位在全球各种论坛以及政策制定中表现的越来越突出。 可持续性发展的历史本文将在后面做详细介绍。
可持续性发展最原始的和最广泛的定义侧重于人类未来发的发展：
―可持续发展是指既满足现代人的需求以不损害后代人满足需求的能力。‖1 其他的定义方式则侧重于生态学和生态系统，例如
“一个生态系统维持其一定的生态整体性的能力。” 2
然而，与新的城市发展最密切相关的一个定义是（来自英国当地政府）：
12
An initial, and widely used, definition of sustainable development focused on people and future generations:
\development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.\
Other definitions have focussed on ecology and eco-systems, for example:
“The ability of an eco-system to maintain a defined or desired state of ecological integrity over time.”
The definitions that are considered most appropriate for new urban development, however, are (from a UK local
?Our Common Future‘ (the Brundtland report), 1987, World Commission on Environment and Development USA Environmental Protection Agency
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
“ 可持续性发展是要综合考虑经济、社会和环境方面的问题，并均衡协调三方面的发展要求。‖ 或（来自于国际局地环境措施委员会）：
“可持续发展是为社区所有居民提供环境、经济和社会服务但又不影响其所依赖的自然、人工、经济和社会系统的正常运行的发展。”
为了实现可持续性发展，我们需要全面综合的考虑这三个核心因素，即环境、社会、经济的需求。
2.2 可持续发展规划
可持续性发展与城市规划的联系? 城市化带来的压力
上文提到的许多问题都直接关系到城市发展，以及城市发展给自然生态系统带来的不断增加的压力。对于正在经历前所未有的快速城市化进程的中国来说，城市可持续性发展是尤为重要的。下图展示了中国城市人口与农村人口的变化过程。
随着城市化水平的不断提高，当地政府必须有能力提供足够的公用设施如学校、医院等，以及必要的基础设施如污水处理设施、排洪设施、供水设施、电力设施和交通设施。随着户口制度的进一步改革，提供公共服务设施和基础设施的难度将进一步加大。
2.2 Sustainable Planning
How does Sustainable Development relate to urban planning? Pressures from urbanisation
Many of the above issues can be directly linked to urban development and the increasing pressures it imposes on natural systems. Sustainable urban development is particularly important for China which now has a level of urbanisation which China has never before been seen, as illustrated below in the chart of changing rural and urban populations.3
As the rate of urbanisation increases, local governments must also be able to respond by providing sufficient civic facilities such as schools and hospitals, as well as the necessary sewage, drainage, water supply, power and transport infrastructure needed. The pressure on the provision of these systems is likely to increase as there are further reforms in the hukou system.
3
National Bureau of Statistics data
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
Government):
“Sustainable development is about integrating and balancing the, often competing, needs of economic, social
and environmental issues.” Or (from the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives):
“Sustainable development is development that delivers environmental, economical and social services to all residents of a community, without threatening the viability of the natural, built, economic and social systems upon
which the delivery of these systems depends.”
The three key elements, environment, society and economy need to be considered holistically in order for development to be sustainable.
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曲靖市温泉组团麒麟生态温泉旅游社区 环保节能控制性规划报告
Qujing Qilin Hot Spring Tourism Resort and Sustainable Community
Environmental Sustainability Study Report
Major concerns and opportunities for urban planning
There are three major issues which must be addressed in order to ensure that urban development is as sustainable as possible. These concerns relate to energy (and greenhouse gases), land take, and quality of life. 城市规划的侧重点与机会
为了确保城市发展的可持续性，我们必须考虑能源（及温室气体）、土地占用和生活质量这三个重要的问题。
能源及温室气体排放
建筑与交通的能源消耗占到全世界能源消耗的７５％；供电、热能与交通占到全世界温室气体排放的４０％。下面的图表给出了详细的解释： 通过对交通规划、建筑密度与朝向设计的决策，可持续的城市规划与设计可以影响能源的消耗。这些决策可以有助于减少能源需求，同时可再生能源的使用也可以降低温室气体的排放。
Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Buildings and transport are estimated to account for about 75% of the world‘s energy consumption while electricity, heat and transportation account for nearly 40% of the world‘s greenhouse gas emissions. These are illustrated in the charts below.
Sustainable urban planning and design can have an influence over energy consumption through decisions on transport planning, densities and building orientation / design. These decisions can help to minimise demand, while opportunities to maximise renewable energy use can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
World Energy Consumption by Sector World Greenhouse Gas Emissions by sector Page 10 of 99
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