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[6]C.Schemer,Traveling the BIT Route:Of Waiting Periods,Umbrella Clauses and Forks in the R0ad,The Journal of World Investment&Trade.Vol.5.2004.P.255.
[7]G.S.Tawil,The Distinction between Contract Claims and Treaty Claims:An Overview,资料来源:http://www.iccamontreal2006.ore:
/english/pdf/program/presentations/Tawil.pdf,访问日期为2008年3月5日。
[8]K.Yannaca—Small,Interpretation of the Umbrella Clause in Investment Agreements,OECD,Working Papers on International Investment,Number 2006/3,P.7.
[9]O.E.Garcia—Bolivar,The Teleology of International Investment Law:The Role of Purpose in the Interpretation of International Investment Agreements,The Journal of World Investment&Trade,Vol.6,2005,PP.751—771.
[10]A.C.Sinclair,The Origins of the Umbrella Clause in the International Law of Investment protection,Arbitration International,Vol.20,2004,pp.411—434.
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[11]T.W.Walde,The“Umbrella”Clause in International Arbitration:A Comment on Original Intention and Recent Cases,The Journal of World Investment & Trade,Vol.6,2005,PP.183—236.
[12]V.Zolia,Effect and Purpose of“Umbrella Clauses”in Bilateral Investment Treaties:Unresolved Issues,
Transnational Dispute Management,Vol.2,Issue 5,November,2005,PP.34—35.
[13]J.Gill,M.Gearing & G.Birt,Contractual Claims and Bilateral Investment Treaties:A Comparative Review of the SGS Cases,Journal of International Arbitration,Vol.21,2004,P.407.
[14]T.W.Walde,The“Umbrella”Clause in International Arbitration:A Comment on Original Intention and Recent Ca8es,The Journal of World Investment&Trade.V01.6.2005.PP.197—198. [15]以下三种理念概括自J.Wong,Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties:Of Breaches of Contract,Treaty Violations,and the Divide Between Developing and Developed Countries in Foreign Investment Disputes,George Mason Law Re
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view,Vol.14,2006,PP.137—139,173—177。作者为美一伊仲裁庭前法律顾问。
[16]J.Kurtz,The Delicate Extension of MFN Treatment to Foreign Investors:Maffezini v.Kingdom of Spain.in Weiler ed.,International Investment Law and Arbitration,Cameron May,2005.PP.534—535.
[17]D.Ruff & T.Guether,Bilateral Investment
Treaties—Recent Developments,Leboeuf Lamb Newsletter,March 2006,p.2.
[18]J.Wong,Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties:Of Breaches of Contract,Treaty Violations,and the Divide Between Developing and Developed Countries in Foreign Investment Disputes,George Mason Law Review,Val.14,2006,PP.138,176—177.
[19]E.Gaillard,Treaty—Based Jurisdiction:Broad Dispute Resolution Clause,New York Law Journal,Vol.234,No.68,2005,P.3.
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[20]S.A.Alexandrov,Breaches of Contract and Breaches of Treaty:The Jurisdiction of Treaty—Based Arbitration Tribunals to Decide Breach of Contract Claims in SGS v.Pakistan and SGS v.Philippines.The Journal of World Investment&Trade.V01.5.2004,PP.572—576.
[21]J.P.Gaffney & J.L.Loftis,The“Effective Ordinary Meaning”of BITs and the Jurisdiction of Treaty—Based Tribunals to Hear Contract Claims,The Journal of World Investment & Trade,Vol.8,2007,P.24.
[22]对管辖的投资争端范围之规定,2004年的《美国双边投资条约范本》第24条与《多边投资协定草案》第5条相同。 [23](美)劳伦·S·威森费尔德:《多边投资担保机构的十五年发展历程》,徐崇利译,载陈安主编:《国际经济法学刊》(第9卷),北京大学出版社2004年版,第194—255页。
[24]在已公布的68个有关双边投资条约争端的国际仲裁裁决中,至少有8个涉及国家所有的并受国家控制的企业。这些裁决均主张,只要国家企业的行为可归因于国家,就可等同于国家行为。参见N.Gallus,state Enterprises as Organs of the State and BIT
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Claims,The Jourbal of World Investment & Trade,Vol.7,2006,pp.761—779。
[25]UNCTAD,Bilateral Investment Treaties in the Mid—1990s,UN Publication,1998,p.56.
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