翻译理论与实践基础知识(2)

(4)He is employed in watering the garden.他忙于浇花园。

(1) John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.约翰现在同父母一起住在纽约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三年了。 (2) She didn’t attend the meeting because she wanted to.

她去开会并不是她自己想去。

（3）This was the last place the colonialists would leave, for it lay riches and natural resources there .这是殖民主义者最不愿意离开的地方，因为那里蕴藏着财富和自然资源。 (4) I am sorry I was a little short with you just now. I don't feel myself today.

刚才对你态度不好，我很抱歉。今天我身体有点不舒服。

(5) On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferableabout liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，希望你忘了它吧。

(6) He ate his savoury, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.

【译文】他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。

(7) Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.【译文】德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。

1. My delegation is not satisfied that the case has yet been made for convening such a broad conference.我方代表团认为，还没有人提出充分理由说明应召开如此广泛的会议。

2. The nationalized industries have been spoon-fed for so long that they don't care whether they give value for money, or make a profit or loss.

一些国有行业长期受到优厚待遇，他们不在乎钱花得是不是值得，也不在乎盈利或亏损。 3.He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. 他生性乐观，身材魁梧，贪食、贪杯又贪色

Some people say fear and caution are now a part of their daily routine.

有人说, 现在总是提心吊胆地过日子。

She is valuable acquisition of the company.她是这家公司不可多得的人才。

It would be impossible for us to supply this small ,quantity in materials of varying designs and colors, without considerably raising prices.如不做适当提价，要本公司供应这种量少且花色各异的料子，实在难以办到。

After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.所有活着的生物毕竟都是靠吃别的东西来生存的，不论这些东西是植物还是动物，是死的还是活的。

【例1】In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions ,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.【译文】他经常晚上出席宴席，参加音乐会，观赏乒乓球表演之后，还须草拟最后公报。(Amplification)

【例2】There were no speeches ,no foreign diplomats .no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers . 【译文】没有人发表演说，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”举着纸旗和花束的场面。(Amplification)

【例3】 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. (Omission)

【译文】花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。

【例4】 People began drinking in their homes because, after 1920, that was the only legal place

they could drink.1920年禁酒法案开始实施以后，人们开始在自己家里喝酒，因为那是他们可以喝酒的惟一合法场所。

【例1】Keep your shirt on, we’ve lots of time to get to the station. 别着急，我们赶到车站去还有充裕的时间。

【例3】Five decades have passed since they left their hometown. 他们离开家乡已经50年了。

【例4】 She will be back in the last ten days of June . 她得在6月下旬回来。

【例5】 Their production doubled in the first quarter of the year. 第一季度里他们的生产翻了一番。

【例6】 No one believes that he is already over seventy years old. 没人相信他已年过古稀。

【例6】 If you dislike the cold ,you can visit Kunming in south China . 冬季您如果怕冷的话可以到昆明。

【例7】The villagers sincerely invited me to the wedding feast. 老乡们热情地邀请我去喝喜酒。

【例1】 Distance from the event should make the memories less painful. 【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。

【例2】 It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。

【例3】 Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance.我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。

back and forth right and left agriculture and industry elementary and secondary school black and blue food and clothing rich and poor flesh and blood land and water track and field sooner or later weak and strong fire and water iron and steel old and new young and old

Woman without her man, is nothing.Woman! Without her, man is nothing.

First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the \effect.\This means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive.

第一印象常常是持久的印象。的确，如果处理得当，你就能有幸获得社会学家称之为“光环效应”带来的种种好处。这就是说，要是在一开始关键的几分钟里你就给人留下好的印象，初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好。

How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions.

In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.

你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象。在有关人际交流的一项意义重大的研究

中心理学家发现，关于情感和态度的信息有7％来自我们的语言文字，有38％来自我们的语音，而惊人的是，竟有55％来自我们的面部表情。事实上，如果面部表情或说话语调与我们所说的话发生矛盾时，听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息。

To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer.

为了使第一次面试成功，一开始的握手要坚定有力。如果面试者没有主动伸出手来，你就主动先把手伸出来。要是可以选择座位的话，要坐在面试者桌子的侧面，而不要坐在正对面。这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了，而且在一定程度上起到减少对立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子对面，那么坐的时候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点，这样你就不是正对着面试者了。

Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in business situations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages -- making you appear weak and unassertive. Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.

要注意你的形体语言，千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待，也不要表现得急于讨好别人。要保持一种办理公事时一本正经的神态。非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量，从而使你显得优柔寡断缺乏自信，而不合时宜的微笑就是一个最为常见的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一项研究发现，多用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警、可靠、自信、负责的印象。

Part Two

Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages

英汉语言特征对比

? 英语重形合,汉语重意合 Hypotaxis and parataxis

English tends to be a hypotactic language, which uses a lot of complex sentence structures and relations between clauses must be expressed by conjunctions or other relative words．Chinese has no relative words and uses fewer conjunctions than English. 他不去我去.I’d like to go if he wouldn’t.

他不去我也去.I’d go there even if he wouldn’t to with me. 他不去我才去.I’d go there only if he won’t.

人穷志短When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambition.) 人穷志不短.Though one is poor, he has high ambition.

人有脸,树有皮.The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.

人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。he will find trouble at his doorstep. 病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。but goes like reeling silk. 我来他已去。He had left when I arrived. 他人老 Although he has aged physically, 心不老。he remains young at heart.

你再说一个字，我马上走。If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die, I would go and be a monk.

? 2. 英语的末端开放与汉语的首端开放

English: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock Chinese: left-extendingheavy-headed like a lion

他去年为完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月.

He worked hard with computers in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year. 那可能是一个地势低洼,连绵数英里,人迹罕至,荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠.

It may be a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached and barren.

那个饥饿的,疲倦的,瞌睡的卖火柴的小女孩.

that little match girl who was so hungry, tired and spleepy.

? 3. 英语呈树状结构，汉语呈竹状结构

Tree-like sentence structure vs. bamboo-like sentence structure

我们过运河的时候，我女儿把她的名字和地址写在一张纸条上，将纸条塞进一个瓶子，扔到海里。

When we were travelling across the Channel, my daughter threw into the sea a bottleinto which she put a piece of paperwith her name on it. 吉米?卡特是一家马戏团的老板。去年圣诞，他决定带一些礼物去儿童医院看孩子们。他扮成圣诞老人，由六个漂亮的姑娘陪着出发了。他骑着一头叫“珍宝”的小象，沿大街走去。

Last Christmas, a circus owner Jim Cater decided to take some gifts to a Children's hospital. Dressed up as Father Christmas, he set out with six pretty girls. He went down the main street by riding a baby elephant called Jambo.

圣伯纳德大山口（The Great St. Bernard Pass）连接着瑞士与意大利，海拔2,473米，是欧洲最高的山口。著名的圣伯纳德修道院建于11世纪，就位于离山口1英里远的地方。几百年来，圣伯纳德修道院的狗拯救了许多翻越这道山口的旅游者的生命。那些最先从亚洲引进的狗，待人友好，早在罗马时代就给人当看门狗了。如今由于山里开挖了隧道，翻越山口已不那么危险了。但每年还是要派狗到雪山地里去帮助那些遇到困难的旅游者。

Connecting Switzerland to Italy, the Great St. Bernard Pass, at 2,473 meters, is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveler is in difficulty.

我们为培养思维和训练而教数学,这两者都能扩展思维,增强学生为社会作贡献的能力;这是教育的终极目的。

We teach math for thinking and discipline, both of which expand the mind and increase the students’ ability to function as a contributing individual in society: the ultimate goals of education.

汉语中的从属关系主要通过句子之间的内部逻辑关系表达出来,而英语却往往通过连词等词表达出来。

燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？

Swallows may have gone, but there’s a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there’s a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return?

播种时，必须注意把种子均匀散开，这样种子在生长时就不过分拥挤，每粒种子就可以得到充足的阳光、空气、水分和养料。

When seeds are planted, care is taken that they are well spread out, so that the plants are not crowded when they grow. This ensures that each seed obtains sufficient light, air, water and food.

工作日，全家都忙着干活，爸爸准备备课笔记，撰写专著与论文；妈妈退休了，主要忙于家务，为全家准备可口的饭菜，营造舒适的生活环境；我则积极准备考博。一到周末，我们总喜欢坐汽车到附近乡下去兜风。

On weekdays, our whole family is fully engaged. Father makes preparation for his classes or writing monographs or research papers; retired, mother is mainly engaged in housework, preparing delicious food and maintaining a comfortable living environment for us. I am preparing for the ph. D entrance examination. As soon as weekend comes, we will, however, drive to the nearby country for an excursion.

? 4.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句Compound sentence vs. Simple sentence

As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.

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