翻译理论与实践基础知识

Wheelchair Accessible/ For Disabled Only残疾人厕所 Automatic Flush免冲式厕所 Sensor Tap 伸手出水

Flush after Use请便后冲洗/来也匆匆，去也冲冲 Toilet/Washroom/Restroom公共厕所 Caution:Wet Floor小心滑倒 Gentle Reminder温馨提示 Drinking Water取水处

Do Not Leave Your Belongings behind请你带好随身物品 Keep off the Grass少一个脚印，多一份绿色 Drive Slowly高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来

Look out for coming traffic!别往火坑里跳（交通安全） 20% Off八折优惠

Beverage Not Included酒水另付 do not know their ABC他们目不识丁

2.If the public officials of higher authorities resort to bribery, those of lower authorities will follow. This is called “Fish begins to stink at the head .”

【译文】上级公务员行受贿，下级公务员也会效仿。这叫“上行下效”。 3.Only the knife can save him.

【译文】“只有外科手术才能救他。”

4. When I am Dead，My Dearest (C.G.Rossetti) I shall not see the shadows,(a)我不会重见那荫影， I shall not feel the rain;(b)我不会感觉雨天来临；

I shall not hear the nightingale(C)我不会听见那夜莺， Sing on as if in pain(b)一声声仿佛哀鸣。（虞苏美译） 5. The Golden Sunset (H.W.Long Fellow)

The sea is but another sky,茫茫然苍天如大海， The sky a sea as well,浩浩然大海似苍天；

And which is earth and which is heaven,何处天上？何处人间 The eye can scarcely tell.俗眼岂能分辨？！（孙梁译）

Criterion of Translation

? 1. Yan Fu’s (1853-1921)Triple Principle of Translation (faithfulness, expressiveness,

elegance)

? His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text. ? His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent and

the version should be smooth, and easy to read and understand.

? His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style

ought to be very graceful.

? 2. Liu Zhongde’s Triple Principle for translation ( faithfulness, expressiveness and

closeness)

信于内容（to be faithful to the content of the original） 达如其分（to be as expressive as the original）

切合风格（to be as close to the original style as possible）

? 3. Lu Xun(1881-1936): faithfulness（信）, smoothness（顺）

? 凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一则当然力求其易解，一则保存原作的风姿。

Translation must aim at two things: to be readily understood and to keep the full flavour of the original work.

? 4. Fu lei(傅雷1908-1966)：resemblance in spirit (神似),所求的不在形似，而在神似。 ? What is reqired is likeness in spirit rather than likeness in form or apprarance. ? 5. Qian Zhongshu(钱钟书1910-1997)：sublimation(化境) ? 文学翻译的最高标准是“化”

The supreme criterion of literary translation is the transmigration of souls.

? Translation is a transmission from source to target language, a representation of the

original content and ideas in the target language.

? 翻译是一种双语艺术，源语言和目标语言之间的转换，即用目标语再现源语的思想

和内容。

翻译导论英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 被动与主动增词和减词 词类的转换名词性从句译法 正反译法长句的译法文化与翻译

He was nothing if not a hypocrite. 译文：他不是伪君子才怪呢？

1. It's more a poem than a picture.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。 2. He drank himself out of the best lines.他借酒写得好诗句。 3. He pretends to be as modest as anything.他装得极为谦虚。

4. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。

1. She couldn‘t have come at a better time.她来得正是时候。

2. She has been a widow only six months.她的丈夫去世至今不过半年。

3. I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.我认为那篇讲话口气强硬，大可不必。

4. The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.英国人同其他民族一样，也有丰富的感情。

5. From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.从物理学的观点来看，不同的波长有多少种，颜色就有多少种。 “无为”=to let things take their own course

? SL: 战士们坐成个“品”字型。

? TL: The soldiers sat there facing each other.

? SL:结婚的事情八字还没一撇呢！

? TL: There is a long way to go before getting married./ There is little hope of

marriage./It is too early to talk about marriage. ? SL: He knows the subject from A to Z. ? TL: 他对这个主题了如指掌。 ? SL: She is a cat.

? TL: 她是个恶毒的女人。

? SL: 这对年轻夫妇并不般配, 一个是西施, 一个是张飞。

? TL: This young couple is not well matched, one is a Xi Shi—a famous Chinese beauty,

while the other is a Zhang Fei—a well-known ill-tempered brute.

? SL: “在中国, 新婚夫妇是不会把梨分开,一人吃一半的,谁想刚结婚就离婚呢?”

? TL: “In China , no newly-married couple will cut a pear so that each can eat one part.

Who wants to divorce soon after the wedding ?”

? “The Chinese words ‘pear’ and ‘divorce’ have the same pronunciation. Translation Strategies

1. Literal and liberal translation

? Literal~: an adequate representation of the original/ keeping agreement with the

sequence of vocabulary /grammatical structure /rhetorical device 完整表述原文内容，并与原文在词序、语法结构及修辞技巧等方面基本保持一致。

? paper tiger/ one country, two systems/ to fish in troubled water 浑水摸鱼/ gentlemen’s

agreement/ be armed to teeth/ crocodile’s tears/Judas Kiss

? Liberal ~: just the opposite, don’t adhere strictly to the form or word order of the

original ? 在忠实与原文内容的前提下不拘泥于形式和词序等。

（1）Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚好欺负的吗？

（2）They love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek. (= They love to brag, though they often do so insincerely or ironically.) 他们喜欢自吹自擂，尽管通常只是说说罢了。 （3）“How loyal is that man?” he asked a White House staffer about a potential hand. Liberal translation: 在起用某人以前，他向一个白宫人员探询，“此人在忠诚方面怎么样？”

Little fish does not eat big fish

意译：胳膊拧不过大腿

天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福

意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable

2．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation and foreignization / alienation）

While literal translation and liberal translation mainly deal with linguistic reproduction, foreignizing translation and domesticating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations.

? 1 to take French leave “不辞而别”

? 2 Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺负的？

“Domestication” means bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader in the target culture, making the text recognizable and familiar.

? （1）小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。

? 译文：Fussy about trifles, careless about big things.Penny wise, pound foolish. ? (2) A: Why is the river rich?甲：为什么说河水富有？ ? B: Because it has two banks.乙：因为它年年有鱼呀。

例如：“Each of us has his carrot and stick. In my case, the stick is my slackening physical condition, which keeps me from beating opponents at tennis whom I overwhelmed two years ago. My carrot is to win. ( C. Tucker: Fear of Death)”

【译文】我们人人都有自己的压力和动力。就我而言，这压力就是我日趋衰弱的身体状况，两年前还是我手下败将的网球对手，现在却打不过了。我的动力就是想赢球。 (3) I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged;It took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name’s Emily,and

she lives in the East.

—— Dickens: David Copperfield

我爱我的爱，因为她长得实在招人爱。我恨我的爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌的一家，和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我和她能长久你亲我爱。她的名字叫爱弥丽，她的家住在爱仁里。

The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.

【译文】那还是半辈子前的事，我第一次看见她，她差一点把我的魂都勾走了。

My maternal grandfaher, it is true, was cut off in the lower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.

不错，我的外祖父英年早逝，当时只有67岁，但是我的祖父，祖母和外祖母可都活到了80开外。

“Foreignization” means taking the reader over to the foreign culture, making him or her see the cultural and linguistic difference.

It gives me great pleasure to see Chinese children shooting up like spring sprouts, full of vitality and energy.

我非常高兴地看到华裔小孩象豆芽一样冒出来，充满生机和活力。

? It is as significant as a game of cricket. a.这件事如同吃饭一样重要。（照顾译文读者,改换形象） b.这件事如同板球赛一样重要。（英国人酷爱板球） c.这件事非常重要。

? 5.Extraordinary Cola. Extraordinary choice.非常可乐，非常选择。

? 6.Of all TV brands we choose to buy Jinxing. To buy Jinxing means to buy satisfaction.买

电视就要买金星，买金星就是买放心。

? 7.With a single copy of The Globe in hand, you can enjoy a wide view of the world. 一册在手，纵览全球.(《全球杂志》）

? 8.Henan in China---- the cradle of Chinese martial arts.中国河南----功夫的摇篮。 ? 1.Think again. Think Canon. (Canon Camera)梦寐以求是佳能。

? 2.All is well that ends well. (ad for a cigarette brand)烟蒂好，烟就好。（Ends Cigarette) ? 3.Good To the Last Drop.滴滴香浓，回味无穷。

? 4.Apple Thinks Different. (Apple Computer)苹果电脑，不同凡“想”。

1/ However, facts speak louder than eloquence and the truth will prevail in the end.

但是，事实胜于雄辩，水落自然石出。

2/ After she was married they still kept it up. The arranged marriage was the cause of this; she can’t be blamed.后来出嫁了，两个人还藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。 3. What’s done is done, and can’t be undone.木已成舟，也只好如此了。

4.This only added fuel to the flames of her anger and she said at once…她听了这话，像是火上加油，立刻说……

5.If you want to kill a snake, you must first hit it on the head and if you want to catch a band of robbers you must first catch their leader. 打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。

6.Enmity between husband and wife doesn’t last the night.夫妻无隔夜之仇。

7. The East wind prevails over the West wind. / The East wind subdues the West wind.东风压倒西风。

8.Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet the parting must come at last. 送君千里，终有一别。

9. Fame is as fatal to men as fattening to pigs.人怕出名猪怕壮。

1) It has made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husbands with public exposure.【译文】总统夫人说要公开揭发丈夫，这件事成了头条新闻。 2) He often talks horse.【译文】她常吹牛。

3) They lingeredlong over his letter.【译文】他们反复看了他的来信。 4) Betweenourselves, I don’t think much of him.【译文】咱们私下里说说，我看那人不怎么样。

5) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.

【译文】欢迎他的只有几下半声不响的、七零八落的、虚情假意的掌声。

8) With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.

【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于获得了新生。 The process of translation is roughly divided into three steps:

1. comprehension of the SLT; 2. reproduction of SLT in TLT; 3. revision.

? (1) In this book he presents his hero with an Arab’s voice and not with the usual Western

voice.他以阿拉伯人的口吻，而不是以西方人常用的腔调来介绍他书中的主人公。 ? (2) Franz Boas was a specialist in American Indian languages.

弗兰兹博厄斯是一位美洲印第安人语言专家。

(3) I wanted to be a man, and a man I am.

【译文】我立志想做个真正的人；我现在终于成了一个真正的人。 （5）develop a habit养成习惯develop natural resources开发自然资源 develop an interest 产生兴趣develop an illness染病 develop a film冲洗胶卷develop a base开辟一个基地

develop a method 研究出一种方法develop heavy industry发展重工业 a sophisticated man 老于事故的a sophisticated woman 狡黠的

a sophisticated columnist 老练的a sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的 a sophisticated weapon 尖端的

The Four Tigers四小龙Brown lion battery白象电池 black tea 红茶brown sugar红糖 brown breadrest room厕所

distribute leaflets发传单generate electricity发电 have a fever发烧tremble/shiver发抖 get mad/crazy发疯deliver a speech发言 publish发表pay salary/wages发工资

(1)When Friday came, Jack will go out drinking with his friends.

每当周五发薪日到来，杰克就会与朋友出去喝酒。

What’s been done can’t be undone. It’s a good thing though, this boy studies well. 木已成舟罢!好在这个子弟会读书。

South African leopard-spot policy came under fierce black fire---- 南非实行的“豹斑”式的种族隔离政策受到了黑人的猛烈抨击--- She is as fair as Helen.她美如西施。

(3)They are talking turkeys.他们在坦率地交谈。

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