佩佩语法完全版

目录

一、The SC Process .......................................................................................................................... 2 二、Grammar & Meaning ................................................................................................................ 2 三、Sentence Structure .................................................................................................................... 3 四、Modifiers ................................................................................................................................... 5 五、Parallelism ................................................................................................................................. 9 六、Comparisons ........................................................................................................................... 11 七、Pronouns ................................................................................................................................. 14 八、Verbs ....................................................................................................................................... 16 九、Idioms ...................................................................................................................................... 18

曼哈顿语法分类整理&RON

一、The SC Process

1、浏览一下句子，知道大概意思，看划线部分和选项 2、找到一个攻击点浏览5个选项 3、排除

4、找另外一个再排除

5、时间控制在40s，不超过90s ！！①判断划线部分长度：长>5个字符，一般会考句子结构，意思，修饰和平行； 短<5个字符，需要比较各个选选项

②划线部分的第一个单词以及该单词前面是什么：可以用来判断考什么知识点 ③比较选项之间的差别：通常来说，一个相同错误或出现在2个以上的选项中 总结常见陷阱！

二、Grammar & Meaning

★并列连词(可以连接两个独立句子)：FANBOYS( for and nor but or yet so) 1、Choose your words：注意helping verbs 改变句意- may, will, must, should

2、Place your words: 注意short words改变句意- only, all;当一个词跟同一个介词表达两个意思时要注意不要将两个意思放在介词的同一侧

3、Match your words: 时态，主谓一致，比较结构，代词

4、Avoid Redundancy: 最常见的是几个词语表达了相同的意思，特别注意划线和未划线之间 5、”of” & noun-adj & “ ‘s “ : ①当表示时间，数量或者其他表示量的单词作为first word时，要使用of，不要使用noun-adj（例如Memorial Day weed错误，改为the week of Memorial day） ②当意思有歧义的时候，要加上介词（例如，Boston soldier歧义，改为the soldier from Boston）

例子:

1、No matter how much work it may require, getting MBA turns out to be a wise investment for most people.

Even though it requires much work

1对2错：no matter how much work it may require 指的是工作量大还是小都无关

2、Rising costs to raw materials may impel us to rise prices farther. Costs of raw materials may impel us to raise prices further.

1错2对：①cost to X = X has to pay/ cost of X = … pay …to buy X②rise不及物，raise及物 ③farther 指距离；further指抽象

3、She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, watering the more than 50 plants in her yard every day. Watering more than the 50 plants in her yard every day.

1，2对：1中，more than 修饰 50，指超过50；2中，more than 修饰 the 50 plants，指除了plants还有其他

4、Hector remembers San Francisco as it was when he left 10 years ago. As though he had left ten years ago

1，2对： 1中，H离开了SF；2中，H没有离开SF，as though表示的是虚拟语气

5、Students at CHS are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which stems success in college applications. Success in college applications stems

1，2对：！！from which的倒装句，可以倒装语序也可以正常语序

*相似意思的单词 1 drop = decrease 2 after = subsequently 3 possible = may 4 though = yet 5 grow = rise

6 while = then = at the same time（表达同时的意思） 7 sufficient = enough 8 ensure = must 9 can = potentially

三、Sentence Structure

1、SENTENCE STRUCTURE ISSUES 2种error

1)Fragments（成分残缺）

2)Run-on sentences(太多主谓宾在一个句子里面，没有任何连词）

!!一个although和but的例外，并不是一定不能用

eg: Although I left home late, I still made it to the store before closing, but everything I wanted to buy was gone.

2、主谓一致原则！ SUBJECT CANNOT BE (1) objects of verbs

(2) objects of prepositions (3) subordinate clause

*如果动词前面不可以做主语的成分，那么这个句子就是一个 BACKWARD CONSTRUCTION

Eg: harder than anything else on the exam were the three questions at the end

3、如何找到Subject

(1) mechanically--->eliminate intervening modifiers (2) context--->literal meaning

*Middleman: 在主语和谓语之间的东西。 *Warmup: 在主语前的一大串东西。

4、COMPOUND SUBJECT (有2-3个主语并列)：必须要处理成一个整体，Modifier 里面不能只出现一个，要用复数

Eg: On the stage are Professor X and Professor Y, who recently won a Nobel Prize for his work in topic Z. （在这里who 应该要修饰的是Professor X and Professor Y，不能只修饰Y，因为XY是一个整体）

改为： ①On the stage with Prof Y is Prof X, who recently won a NP for his work.

②On the stage are Prof X, who recently won a NP for his work, and Prof Y.

5、哪些可以做主语 ①名词 ②代词

④一个分句: having a class is a happy thing ⑤that打头（通常会用形式It调整到后面）

⑥不定式 to do打头 (通常也会用形式it调整到后面) ⑦动名词

6、标点的运用

①分号：表示用于两个独立句子；逗号不够用的时候 ②冒号：表示解释说明，冒号前的句子需要完整；冒号之后可以添加 namely, that is 等词；冒号尽可能紧跟被解释名词；冒号后面允许加一个句子用以解释前面的句子 ③破折号：破折号替代逗号，或者用前后两个破折号来插入解释；

破折号用来解释前面的句子(eg: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants – by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a years)

7、名词的单复数问题

(1) 集合名词：从未划线部分找到线索

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture 在美式英语中，以上词语都被当成单数 (2)不定代词一般都是单数： Anyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothing Each, every

Someone, somebody, something

Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever

Either, neither( 就近原则 ) (3)特殊名词的单复数

①朝代名是复数： The Shang were

★SANAM: some any none all more/most 可以单数也可以复数，看内容 (3)each和every:用在名词前面都是用单数

8、除了FANBOYS，其他的连词都不能连接两个独立句子 FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO

9、PREPOSITION + NOUN + VERB-ing 结构

if the ACTION is the intended object of the preposition, then this construction is incorrect. 除非介词后面宾语的主要就是一个名词，doing什么的只是修饰

!!介宾结构中强调的是介词后面的Noun,而这个Noun的修饰成分并不是重点 eg: \

这里表达的意思是 the health condition itself is causing the suffering 而不是 health condition aggravates

!! 不要用主动被动当作排除点

10、倒装结构（主要注意谓语的单复数情况）

常见形况：①介词开头②there be ③from which句型（不倒也对）

四、Modifiers

1、ADJ和ADV的使用

(1)ADJ只能修饰名词和代词；ADV修饰除了名词和代词以外的所有东西 (2)在难题中，修饰词语法正确，但是逻辑意思错误 Eg: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor. Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor. *第一句中，supposed 修饰ancestor，逻辑出现错误

2、NOUN MODIFIERS (1)类型

①Preposition: Sue placed the cat on the couch.

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