语言学 期末考试 复习材料(4)

C. Conjoining D. Cohesion BCCBC DDABD BDACA DCBCB C

II. Tell true statement from false.

1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T 2.―I‘m a teacher.‖ ―He studies English.‖ describe the form of government. F Concord government: give her a present. 3. ― langue‖ is much more stable than ―parole‖. T

4. When we mentioned about a ―树‖，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T

5. The sentence ― If the weather is nice, we‘ll go out.‖ is settled at the base paradigmatic relation. F

6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T

The only true object of study in linguistics is the language, considered in itself and for its own sake. 语言和为语言而研究的语言 7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F

8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F 9. The Ultimate Constituents of IC analysis is morpheme. T

10. ―He seemed angry.‖ Is the construction of exocentric construction. T 11. ―The house is behind this building. ‖ is endocentric. F.

12. ―He came back very late last night.‖ The underlying structure is endocentric one. T

13. To analyse the sentences with IC analysis.

14. When we mention about ―phonetic ‖ and ―lexicon components‖, they belong to deep structure category. F

15. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed be deep structure. T

16. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.

17. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F 18. The open-class words include prepositions. F 19. ―The boy smiled‖ has an exocentric structure. T

20. The IC Analysis is not able to analyse split verbs like ―do sb. in‖. T 21. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.

22. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F

名词解释:

1. Linguistics: is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all human beings. Linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in their societies or communities.

2. Duality: Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. It makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. Not animal communication system enjoys this duality.

3. Arbitrariness: There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

4. Syntax: is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language, or study of the interrelationships between sentential element.

5. Displacement: means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concept which are not present at the moment of communication.

6. connotation: 7. denotation: 8. paradigmatic relation 9. Speech act theory

6. Semantics: the study of the communication of meaning through language.

7. Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect, and case, which does not change the grammatical class of the items to which they are attached. 8. synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time.

9. diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time .

Short answer questions:

Questions：：

1. What‘s the importance of studying syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationship in syntax.

2. What the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics? 3. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?

4. What are Allophones if the same phoneme? Illustrate them with examples. 5. What‘s the difference and relation of ―Signifier‖ and ―Signified‖?

6. What is context? Explain how context helps people understand language in cases of polysemy and ambiguity?

There are ___morphemes in the word ―boyish‖. A. one B. two C. three D. six 2. In English ―-ise‖ ―-tion‖ are called__.

A. prefix B. surffix C. infix D. free root 3. The words ―make, bus‖ are called____.

A. derived morphemes B. inflected morph.

C. bound morph D. free morpheme 4. Which is variable word?

A. what B. until C. go D. and 5. Which is grammatical word?

A. article B. noun C. verb D. adjective

6. Which is open-class word?

A. prep. B. pro. C. n. D. conj. 7. _____ is not particle?

A. to B. not C. look up D. take 8. _____ is not determiner?

A. black B. work C. three D. half 9. _____ is not auxiliary.

A. do B. is C. has D. come

10. ___ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology

11. Which sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme___? A. [is ] B. [iz] C. [s] D. [ai]

12. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “人大” experienced? A. Blending B. Abbreviation C. Borrowing D. Back-formation

13. Which word is created through the process of acronym? A. ad B. edit C. AIDS D. Bobo

14. Which is a derivational one____.

A. Black board B. teaches C. consideration D. books

15. The word ―lab‖ is formed through ____. A. back formation B. clipping

C. Blending D. derivation I. What is Syntax? Syn :―together ‖ Tax:―to arrange‖

Syntax: It studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.

In short: It studies the formation of sentences.

Lexicon(2)

1. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are ______. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms

2. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ______. A. +animate, +human, +male, -adult

B. +animate, +human, -male, -adult

C. +animate, +human, +male, +adult D. +animate, +human, -male, +adult

3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―flower/ tulip‖? A. Polysemy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Antonymy

4. The words ―dog‖ and ―read‖ are called ______because they can occur

unattached.

A. derivational morphemes B. bound morphemes C. inflectional morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The words ―railway ‖ and ―railroad‖ are ______.

A. dialectal synonyms B. synonyms differing in emotive meaning C. collocationally-restricted synonyms D. synonyms differing in styles 6. A word with several meanings is called _____.

A. an abnormal word B. a polysemous word C. a synomymous word D. None of the above 7. The pair of words ―wide /narrow‖ are called______.

A. gradable opposites B. complementary antonyms C. co-hyponyms D. relational opposites

8. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? A. old/ young B. lend/ borrow C. hot/ cold D. single/ married

9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as ―dog→dogs‖,

―cat→cats‖ ―mouse→mice‖ ,which are called_____. A. bound morpheme B. allomorph

C. free morpheme D. minimal morpheme

10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are

also called _____.

A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds

11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other

morphemes.

A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Affixes D. Roots

12. The word ―bookish‖ contains two _____.

A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs

13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free B. Bound C. Root D. Affix

14. ______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.

A. Prefixes B. Suffices C. Roots D. Affixes 15. The words “make, bus” are called ______. A. derived morphemes B. inflected morph. C. bound morph D. free morpheme 16. Which is variable word?

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