大学英语四级词汇和语法复习(3)

的说来有以下几点需要注意

① 关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：

the same … as such … as

当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找as，选择就变得比较简单，如8。在这种情况下，考生用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。如

Our company won't employ such graduates as you recommend. I'm determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in.

② 上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。

做定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较：

the office whose windows are broken

the office the windows of which are broken the office of which the windows are broken

上面的2）题就属于the windows of which这种形式。 先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如：

the professor whose car was stolen

the professor the car of whom was stolen the professor of whom the car was stolen 当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查，如上面的6），只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption就不难判断答案为whose。 ③ 注意\介词 + which/whom\的结构做关系词

从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。\介词 + which/whom\主要有以下几种情况

A． 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3）。表示\信任某人\要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence。

B． \部分 + of + 整体名词\的结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 \部分名词 + of which/whom\的结构。

该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别，如：

He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _____ were his old classmates.

A.whom B.them C.which D.that

这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。

二是注意该结构可以有变体，即\whom/which + 部分名词\，上面的5）题就是一例，可以写成up to half of whom。

C． 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个这种考题，如上面的1）题，其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems， 所以用of which，2000年6月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题：

Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.

A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which (2000.6) D． 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，如：

He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which

this is an example.

这里用of which因为，正常的结构是an example of the music。

E． 有时介词与先行词构成短语，如7）题，to which源于to … extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price change will affect supply and demand. A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1)

④ 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法

as引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示\正如……\。如上面的4）和10）两题。

一般as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但，as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如： He promised to help me, which he did.

He was often late for work, which cost him his job. ⑤ 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面9）中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词不能用where，而只能是that/which。再如： I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country. ⑥ 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。 ⑦ 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如：

There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6)

由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，关系词代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示sign的内容。

⑧ 适当注意that和which的不同，什么情况下只能用that，什么情况下只能用which。 ⑨ 注意从句与其它成分的区别，如下题：

As _________announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays. A.being B.is C.to be D.been (1997.1) 这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果是非谓语动词的话，则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据announce与句子主语之间的关系，应该什么都不填，这里还是定语从句。答案为B。 Self-practice

状语从句

状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一，95年至2000年6月共设考题20题，占10%强。就状语从句而言，主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。 1．时间状语从句的连词

表示时间的连词有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as，有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句，如the moment, the instant, each time，有些是固定句型如：no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when。在这些连词的使用中应注意

① as强调同时，也表示\一边……，一边……\，while表示主句动作发生在从句的过程之中，要求从句谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动词，when的使用则比较简单，相当于汉语的\当……时候\。如：

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests. A.when B.since C.before D.after (1996.1)

四个选项都表示时间，但根据主从句间的关系可以判断答案 为A。 ② 注意when的特殊句型

下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句，但考试中却常与其它时间状语从句的连词一块出题。

were/was doing something when …

were/was about to do something when … had just done something when … 四级考题中不乏对上述结构的考查，如：

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices.

A.as B.when C.after D.while (1997.6)

I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention.

A.unless B.until C.when D.while (1996.1)

这类考题比较简单，只要同学们清楚这一句型，答案则自然可得。

③ 注意no sooner … than ….和hardly/scarcely …when句中的时态。 ④ 注意not … until 中时间状语可以提前。如

____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.

A.Before B.Until C.From D.Since (1995.6)

但只要同学们能够辨认not … until 的句法结构，答案也就显而易见。

比较常见的提前方式是将not until….提至句首，后面用肯定形式，主谓倒装。本题可以改成，Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.这时，句子采用主谓倒装结构，应注意。

⑤ 在对名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时，常与名词构成的其它短语相区别。如：

You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. A.the instant B.for an instant C.on the instant D.in an instant (1997.1)

能够引导时间状语从句的是名词the instant，而不是由其构成的介词短语。

⑥ 注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，如It won't be long before … 和It is …since两类句型。It won't be long before可以有三个变体，即：It was (not) + 一段时间 + before，It won't be + 一段时间+ before。如95年6月就有对此的考查：

Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A.since B.before C.after D.when 2．原因状语从句的连词

原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that连接。对于表原因连词本身的区别考查相对较少，主要是与其它状语从句连词的对比。如：

① ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.(1999.6)

A.For B.Since C.Before D.While

② ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.(1997.6)

A.For B.Now C.Since D.Despite

1) 从以上两题可以看出，首先，同学们要根据主从句的语意关系，确定是什么状语从句，然后在进行选择。

2) 注意连词的结构，如2）为Now that的搭配。

3) 注意for, because, since/as的区别。一般说来，for不表示原因，其所连接的是并列句，是一种解释说明，尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。如：

He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset. You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 4) 注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是considering/seeing that，其用法与since/as相同。如：

Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes.

Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days. 3．条件状语从句的连词

涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多，如时态，虚拟语气等。但从状语从句的概念来讲，这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系，确定是条件状语从句，然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。如：

① I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1) A.if only B.in case C.until D.unless

② We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.(1999.1) A.lest B.until C.unless D.provided

③ ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.(1998.1)

A.As soon as B.As well as C.As far as D.So long as

从以上考题来看，就条件状语从句而言，同学们应掌握以下几点： 1) unless与其它连词的差别，unless表示的是If …not …的意思。

2) if only或only if是一种强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless肯定与否定条件的差别，可以判断①题答案为A。

3) provided (that)表示唯一的条件，相当于if and only if，on condition that，

如②表示\明年只要有钱，我们就去欧洲。\

4) so/as long as表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查，如③，四个短语都可以连接状语从句，但表达意思有别，考试的目的就是考查同学们对句子的理解能力。

5) 另外注意，引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。

4．让步状语从句的连词

引导让步状语从句的连词很多，但结构差别比较大，比较容易掌握，同学们只要能掌握各连词的结构和语义特点，准确把握主从句的关系，让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力。先看一下下列各题：

① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________. A.however much it costs B.however does it cost much

C.how much does it cost D.no matter how it costs (1996.6) ② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6)

A.Although much he likes her B.Much although he likes her C.As he likes her much D.Much as he likes her

③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1) A.Even if B.As far as C.If only D.So long as

④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1)

A.But for B.For all C.Above all D.Except for

从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点：一是让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比，如③，另一种是让步状语从句连词自身的结构功能，如①②两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从句的连词功能：

1) although/though连接让步状语从句，表示\尽管\，从句用直陈语序，与汉语的结构类似。

2) as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，如②题。可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如：

Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up. Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all. Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him.

3) No matter + 疑问词和疑问词 + ever引导让步状语从句，表示\不论谁\不论什么时间/地点/方式\等等，从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断上面①题答案为A。

4) For all表示让步时后面可以接从句，也可以接名词短语，后接名词时常与其它类似短语比较，如④。注意接从句：

For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects.

5) 其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有whether …or， even if， even though，和\动词 + 疑问词+主语+情态动词\，如：

Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year.So it's better to keep silent. Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me. 5．方式状语从句的连词

相比之下，方式状语从句则简单了许多，四级考试中还从未涉及此项。用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如：

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