英语中省略现象(2)

1.省略主语，主谓语或谓语的一部分 a. 主语

例句: 1 (I)Beg your pardon. 2 (It)Sounds like a good idea. b. 主谓语或谓语的一部分

例句: 1(Is there)Anything I can do for you? 2(Is) Anybody here? 2.不定式符号to的省略

3.不定式结构中动词的省略

例句: 1 A:Would you like to come to the paety? B:I'd love to(come to the party.)

2.They do not visit their parentys as much as they ought to(visit their parents).

4.状语从句中的省略

状语从句的省略有以下几种情况：

（1） 在状语从句中主语与主句的主语一致，同时从句中又含有动词be则通常可省去从句中的主语和动词be，留下其余部分。

e.g.1.She stood at the gate as if （she was ）waiting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。

e.g．2. Don’t speak until （you are ）spoken to. 有人对你说话时你才说。 e.g.3 .Be careful while （you are）crossing the road. 过马路时要当心。 e.g.4 .When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water. 冰经过加热能变成水。

（2）若状语从句中主语是it，动词是系动词be，则通常可省去主语it及系动词be，留下其余部分。

e.g.1. Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt．天气虽然冷，他还穿一件衬衫。 e.g.2. Come tomorrow if (it is) possible．可能的话就明天来吧。

e.g.3. If (it is) so，you must get back and get it．如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。 e.g.4.I’11 buy a TV set if (it is) necessary．如有必要，我就买一台电视机。 （3）状语从句中的部分内容若与主句的部分内容相同，可将从句中的此部分内容省去。 e.g. He has no money．If (he has) any，he will give us．他没有钱，如果有，他会给我们的。

让我们先看下面几道历年高考试题：

1.When______, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed(2002年上海春季试题) 答案：A 。

分析：When completed, 是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了it is, 原句可变为：

When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. 2.Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited(2003年上海春季试题) 答案：A 。

分析：Unless______ to speak，是条件状语从句的省略，其之间省略了you are, 原句可变为：

Unless you are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

3.If______ the same treatment again, he is sure to get well. A. giving B. give C. given D. being given(1998年上海高考试题) 答案：C 。

分析：If______ the same treatment again, 也是条件状语从句的省略，其之间省略了he is, 原句可变为：

If he is the same treatment again, he is sure to get well. 4.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when______ at the meeting by my boss.

A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned(2004年甘肃、青海等省市高考试题) 答案：C 。

分析：?when______ at the meeting by my boss. 是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了I was, 原句可变为：

It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when I was questioned at the meeting by my boss.

5. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced(2004年吉林、四川等省市高考试题) 答案：B 。

分析：When first______ to the market, 也是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了they were, 原句可变为：

When they were first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

一．时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when，while，as soon as，once，until等引导。例如：

1.When (he was) still a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.

2.Don't leave the machine till (you are) told to. 3.I'll let you know as soon as (it is) arranged.

但要注意，before和after虽然也可以用作连词引导时间状语从句，却不能用于这类省略主语和be的结构。例如：

The plan should be discussed once again before it is carried out. 上句不能改为：

The plan should be discussed once again before carried out. 上句也可以改为：

The plan should be discussed once again before being carried out. (句中before不是连词而是介词，后面的being carried out是V-ing形式短语作介词的宾语，整个句子是简单句，而不是复合句。

二． 地点状语从句中的省略。主要由where, wherever引导。例如： 1.He is always ready to help others wherever (he is) needed. 2.You can add some words to your composition where (it is) necessary. 三． 条件状语从句的省略。主要由if，unless引导。例如：

1.She won't go to his birthday party unless (she is ) invited. 2.The news is quite important to us, if (it is) true.

但若if引导的是表示假设的虚拟条件句，虽具备条件，可不能用于这类省略。这时如果if从句的谓语动词中含有were，had，should，则可以用倒装省略，即将were，had或should提到句首，而将连词if省略。例如： Were it not for you, I would also go there with them.

Had you come here earlier, you would have met him. Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.

另外，当once作\一旦，一经\解，连接时间或条件状语从句，其主语与主句的主语相同或其主语为it + be时，常省略从句中的主语或it + be。例如： Once (it was) published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.

Once (you) lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well. 四． 让步状语从句的省略。主要由though，although，however，whatever，even if，even though，no matter how/what引导。例如：

1.Though (he had been) defeated many times, he didn't lose heart. 2.They worked very hard, though (he was) still rather weak.

与if引导的虚拟条件从句不能用这类省略一样，as引导的让步状语从句同样不能省略。不过如果让步状语从句由as引导时，从句中的表语（一般是形容词或名词）或状语必须提前到as前，构成倒装。如果作表语的是单数可数名词，则还须省略不定冠词。例如：

Poor as he was, he was honest. Hard as he tried, he still failed. Much as I like her, I won't marry her.

Child as he is, he can express himself in good English. 五． 原因状语从句的省略。主要由because引导。例如：

1.He decided not to watch the foot ball match because (he was) not himself.

2.I forget to post the letter for you because (I was) too busy. 六． 比较状语从句的省略。主要由as，than引导。例如：

1.In winter it is much colder in Beijing than (it is) in Shanghai. 2.The project was completed earlier than (it was) expected. 3.Mary is not so shy as (she was) a year ago when I first met her.

七． 方式状语从句的省略。主要由as，as if引导。例如：

1.The old man sat at the corner alone, as if (he was) thinking of something.

2.English is not so difficult to learn, as (it is) generally supposed. 综上所述，不难发现：这些省略形式的状语从句大都以\从属连词+形容词（副词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词或过去分词）\构成的。省略后的句子不仅意思清楚，不会引起误解，而且结构紧凑，语言简练流畅，读起来明快生动。

5.定语从句中关系词的省略

6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略

7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略

练习

1.The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him _____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

2.The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are, not how they ought ____. A. to B. to be C. be D. have been 3.---Did you work in the lab every afternoon? ---No, but sometimes, I wish I ____. A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time 4.---I hope the children won’t touch the dog. ----I’ve warned them ____.

A. not B. not to C. not touch D. not do 5.Some students are going to China in summer vacation, and ____.

A.some are to America B. some going to America C. some to America D. some America 6.The workers did all ___ good care of the old man.

A. they could to take B. they could take C. which they could to take D. what they could to take 7.Of all the things in the world, I think life and love are ____.

A.very much precious B. more than precious C. the preciousest D. the most precious 8.The photographs of other planets taken by satellite are clear than ___.

A. the earth B. those taken from the earth C. those of the earth D. of the earth 9.why ___? It is not very serious.

A. to worry B. worry C. not worry D. you are worried 10.___ the road, don’t forget to look both ways.

A. As crossing B. While you cross C. While crossing D. Cross 11.Chemistry is the science of substances ___ the science of energy.

A. and is physics B. or is physics C. and physics D. or physics is 12. –Who broke the window? --- ____.

A. Him B. He C. He broke D. It is him

13.---Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. --- Why ___? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me 14.---How do you find your missing pen? ----___.

A.Quite by accident B. I found it in my drawer. C. It writes well D. It was well kept by myself. 15.---You must obey every word of mine. ----____ I don’t.?

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