★英国文学史及选读(学校试题库)(2)

works are plays inspired by social criticism.

A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. George Bernard Shaw 67. “art for art?s sake” was put forth by _A_____.

A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism

68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____.

A. DublinersB. Jude the ObscureC. A portrait of the Artist as a Young ManD. Ulysses II. Choose one or more correct answers to complete the statement. 69. __BC_______ belonged to the stream of consciousness. A.D. H. LawrencB.James JoyceC.Virginia WoolfD.T. S. Eliot

★87. How do you understand “To be, or not to be”? Give your evidence to support your ideas. ★92. What are Chaucer’s contributions to English literature

答：(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid,smooth and exact. He is the first great poet writing in the current English.②His contribution is to lies chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially he introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative Angle Saxon poetry.③He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several dialect,and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for modern English speech.)

93. What are Shakespeare?s contributions to English literature? Construction:

a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.

b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.

★94. What is the theme of “Paradise Lost”?

答： (the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom) ★95. Why did Satan choose the Garden of Eden as the battlefield? (书上、样卷有答案)

★108. What does “She” (referring to Lucy) in “She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways” imply?( 暗指所有新鲜的有活力和有生命的事物)

★109. What is the theme of “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”?(①She 的特点②violet的特点③she与violet的联想特点④诗人的态度)

What the theme of \

答：(①作者都自然的赞美和喜爱②自然给人带来财富和给人以安慰的作用) 笔记上的 Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse

circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

★113. What are the functions of “West Wind” in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind? What do they mean?同下 答：Destroyer andpreserver. The west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.

115. Why did Percy Bysshe Shelly in his “Ode to the West Wind” ask for the West Wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”? Give your analysis.

116. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.” The above quotation is taken from Shelley?s poem ?Ode to the West wind”. What does the underlined part mean?

★117.(同115题) Why did Shelley wish to be “a dead leaf”, “a swift cloud” and asked the West wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”?

★124. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?P195下册 (样卷原题)

She is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal. ★125. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?样卷原题

126. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists? (The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel “the epic of the bourgeois society”.)

127. What does the subtitle “A Pure Woman” of the novel Tess of the D?Urbervilles mean?

答：To show what Hardy thought of his heroine, who is seduced, abandoned, and finally driven to murder for which she is hanged. Through it all she remains his most lovable woman character, cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin.

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128. What is Paul?s relation with three women in Sons and Lovers? Paul is tortured between his mother and his girl friends in Sons and Lovers. His mother?s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. She opposes Paul?s love for Miriam. Miriam?s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara? passion is stifling. The three women all want to possess Paul. He loves his mother and Clara and Miriam, his two lovers. His mother?s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. Miriam?s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara?s passion is stifling. 129. What is the symbolic meaning of the title in the story of Araby by Joyce?

答：The word Araby comes from Arabian which reminds the reader of the oriental land----a wonderful and dreaming world. In his story, Araby is the name of a bazaar which symbolizes the dream, the ideal and the embodiment of beauty for the boy. 130. What is the theme of “Araby”?

答：It is the frustrated quest for beauty is drabness at last. It reflects the situation in Ireland in the particular period. The society is of coldness, gloom and harshness.

IV. Explain the following terms from the aspects of social background, main characteristics, representatives, influences, etc

131. Alliterative verse:

132. Popular ballads: a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.

133. Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and witty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor. The features of the school玄学派: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 134. Enlightenment: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the “enlightenment” or “education” of the people.

135. Sentimentalism: it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sences, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and , a cult of a \and hypocritical aristocrats.

136. Neo-classicism: It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.

137. (Critical) Realism: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or “reflecting” faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. 138. Gothic novel: Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate.The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel;it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called \

139. Lake poets: refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Southey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.

140. Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.

141. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. Many of the ideas of English romanticism were first expressed by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

The Qualities of Romanticism: the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; the creation of a world of imagination; the return to for material; sympathy with the jumble and glorification of the common place; emphasis upon the expression of individual genius; the return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models; the interest in old stories and medieval Romances; a sense of melancholy and loneliness; the rebellious spirit.

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142. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.

143. Aestheticism: The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement is “art for art?s sake”. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art?s sake, can it be immortal. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality?s sake, or art for money?s sake. The representatives are Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater.

144. Stream of consciousness: a kind of style with a carefully modulated poetic flow and brought into prose fiction something of the rhythms and the imagery of lyric poetry.

V. Answer the following questions briefly based on your understanding of the texts studied.

145. (1)“I wander thro? each charter?d street,/(2)Near where the charter?d Thames does flow,/ (3)And mark in every face I meet/ (4)Marks of weakness, marks of woe.” 1) Who was the writer of the quoted part? William Blake 2) What is the name/ title of the poem? Lodon

3) What do you mean by “each charter’d street” and “charter’d Thames” in (1) and (2)? (私有化的，暗指富人的)

4) How do you understand “mark in every face” in (3)? (notice 穷人的面孔，与前面富人占有的街道和泰晤士河形成对此)

5) What does “Marks of weakness, marks of woe” in (4) mean? (暗指穷人的痛苦)

146. (1)“Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show/(2) To move, but doth, if th? other do. /(3)And thought it in the center sit, /(4)Yet when the other far doth roam, /(5)It leans and hearkens after it, /(6)and grows erect, as that comes home.”

1) Who was the writer? John Donne

2) What is the name/ title of the poem? A Valediction:Forbidding Mouring 3) What do you mean by “but doth, if the other do” in line (2)? 4) In line (3), what does “it” refer to?

5) In line (5), what does the first “it” mean? And what does the second “it” refer to? 147. …For who would bear the whips and scorns of time ?

The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, ?

But that the dread of something after death, The undesicover?d country, from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will,

And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of.

1) Who was the writer? William Shakespeare 2) What is the name/ title of the poem? Hamlet

3) How do you understand “the spurns/That patient merit of the unworthy takes”? 4) How do you understand “The undesicover?d country”? 5) What does “whose” refer to? 6) What does “those ills” mean?

7) How do you understand “…And makes us rather bear those ills we have/Than fly to others that we know not of”?

8) What does the quoted part imply about the speaker of these lines? ★148. Dull sublunary lover’s love (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented it. 1) Who was the writer?

2) What is the name/ title of the poem?

3) What does it mean by “Dull sublunary lover?s love”? 4) What does “souls” mean?

5) What does “sense” here mean?

6) What does it mean by “cannot admit Absence”?

7) What does it mean by “it” in “because it doth remove”? 8) What does “Those things” mean?

9) What does “it” in “Those things which elemented it” refer to? 149. She lived unknown, and few could know When Lucy ceased to be;

But she is in her grave, and oh, The difference to me!

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1) Who was the writer? William Wordsworth

2) What is the name/ title of the poem? She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways 3) What does “and oh, /The difference to me!” imply?

4) Why the writer use “unknown” and “know” in the same line?

150. “Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:/What if my leaves are falling like its own!.../Will take from both a deep autumnal tone /Sweet though in sadness… ” 1) What does “forest” imply (or mean in the poem)? 2) What does “both” mean?

3) How do you understand “sweet though sadness”?

151. I wander thro’ each charter’d street, / Near where the charter’d Thames does flow, /And mark in every face I meet/ Marks of weakness, marks of woe.同145

1) How do you understand “each charter?d street” and “charter?d Thames”? 2) What does “Marks of weakness, marks of woe” mean?

152. —That time is past,/ And all its aching joys are now no more, / And all its dizzy raptures.

1) Why does the poet say “That time is past”? 1793年作者第一次来这里，现在已经过去五年了

2) How do you understand “aching joys”?refers to the post-adolescent's aching, dizzy and equivocal passion --a love which is more like a dread.

153. The mountains look on Marathon— And Marathon looks on the sea; And musing there an hour alone,

I dream?d that Greece might still be free; For standing on the Persians? grave, I could not deem myself a slave. 1) Who was the writer? Lord Byron 2) What is the name/ title of the poem? The Isles of Greece

3) What does “For standing on the Persians? grave, /I could not deem myself a slave.” mean?

VI. Write the summery of the following and make a short comment on the theme. Your answer should include the writer, the main characters, their relations, the plot, the result, and you should pay attention to your grammar.

154. The Canterbury Tales155. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

156. The Merchant of Venice157. Paradise Lost158. The Pilgrim?s Progress 159. Gulliver?s Travels160. Robinson Crusoe

161. Pride and Prejudice162. Oliver Twist163. Vanity Fair 164. Jane Eyre165. Wuthering Heights

166. Tess of the D?Urbervilles167. Mrs. Warren?s Profession

168. The Picture of Dorian Gray169. Sons and Lovers170. Mrs. Darloway VII. Topic discussions.

171. Wordsworth in his poems described his love for and the good benefits that brings to him. Use examples from the poems that you have studied and other information to illustrate the functions of .样卷原题

★172. What are the characteristics of John Donne’s poems? Use example poems to illustrate the characteristics. 答： 作品特点

a. The inherently theatrical impression:

John Donne is the leading figure of the \impression.

b. The poetic mode:

The mode is dynamic rather than static, with ingenuity of speech, vividness of imagery and vitality of rhythms.

c. The Stylistic features:

The most striking feature of Donne's poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.

1. Most of it purports to deal with life, descriptive or experimentally, and the first thing to strike the reader is Donne?s extraordinary and penetrating realism.

2. The next is the cynicism which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme idealization of woman encouraged by the Patrarchan tradition.

Example：Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea. What is more, idealism and cynicism about love coexist in Donne's love poetry. He sometimes expresses the futility and instability of love in his poems.

When eulogizing a woman, Donne tells us very little about her physical beauty. Instead, Donne's interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.

173. In Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Titern Abbey, William Wordsworth used many “and”and other conjunctions; one typical example is “a sense sublime/Of something far more deeply interfused, /Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns, /And the round ocean and the living air, /And the blue sky, and in the mind of man…” In your pinion, what purpose did Wordsworth have (or What contributions did the conjunctions make to the theme of the poem)? Better to use examples from the poem (and his other poems, if possible) and the

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“Notes” at the end of the poem.

174. What are the functions of in William Wordsworth’s poems? Use examples to illustrate.样卷原题

175. The following poem “A Red, Red Rose” was written by Robert Burns. Read it carefully and then comment how Burns developed the theme of the poem. O, my luv?s like red, red rose. That?s newly sprung in June; O, my luve?s like a the melodie. That?s sweetly played in tune. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass. So deep in luve am I;

And I will luve thee still, my dear. Till a? the seas gang dry.

Till a? the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rock melt wi? the sun: I will luve thee still, my dear,

While the sands o? life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only luve! And fare thee weel a while! And I will come again, my luve, Though it were ten thousand mile

176. Discuss the tragic root

s of Tess? fate. 10

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