太阳能光伏发电系统的设计

摘要

太阳能发电作为一种典型的新能源发电方式具有可持续发展和绿色环保两大优势。在太阳能发电的众多课题中，三相并网型光伏发电具有更高的实用价值和研究意义。本文重点分析研究了三相并网型光伏发电系统，提出一套可行的硬件选型和电路设计方案，并最终通过MATLAB仿真验证了硬件系统设计的可行性。

首先本文依次研究了三相并网光伏发电系统的光伏阵列模块、直流变换与最大功率点跟踪控制模块、逆变并网模块，其中又涉及到光电幕墙的选用，以及直流变换电路、最大功率点跟踪算法、逆变电路及其并网方式的对比选取。然后选定了三相并网光伏发电系统的结构方式，将各个模块选取的硬件整合，并配合外围电路和CPU控制回路的设计，完成了三相并网光伏发电系统模型的整体设计。最后对硬件系统在MATLAB SIMULINK环境下经行仿真初探，它运用了先进空间矢量脉宽调制的技术，验证了本文设计的具体可操作性。

关键词：光伏发电系统；最大功率点跟踪；三相逆变并网；仿真

I

The design of solar photovoltaic power generation system

Abstract

As a kind of typical generating new energy way, solar power has the sustainable development and green environmental protection two advantages. Many of the subjects in solar power, three-phase grid type photovoltaic power system has higher practical value and significance of the research. This paper focus on the study of three-phase grid type photovoltaic power system, and puts forward a feasible hardware selection and circuit design project. Finally this paper verified the feasibility of hardware system design by MATLAB simulation.

Firstly this paper studied photovoltaic array module, DC transformation and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control module, inverter grid modules of the solar photovoltaic power generation systems in turn. It also involves the comparative selection of photoelectric curtain wall, DC transform circuit, maximum power point tracking algorithm and AC grid way. Then it selected the solar photovoltaic power generation systems structure, and integrate the select hardware derive from each module，and cooperate with peripheral circuit and CPU control circuit design completed solar photovoltaic power generation systems model overall design. Finally it did simulation for hardware system in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. It’s used the advanced space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technology that verified the specific design in this paper is maneuverability.

Keywords: Photovoltaic system; MPPT; Three-phase inverter grid; Simulation

II

目 录

摘要 .................................................................................................................... I Abstract ............................................................................................................. II 第一章 绪论 ...................................................................................................... 1

1.1 光伏发电的背景及意义 ....................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外太阳能光伏发电应用的现状 ..................................................... 2

1.2.1世界太阳能光伏发电的发展现状 ............................................... 2 1.2.2国内太阳能光伏发电的发展现状 ............................................... 2 1.3 课题主要研究内容 ............................................................................... 3 1.4 本章小结 .............................................................................................. 3 第二章 光伏发电系统的概述 ............................................................................ 4

2.1 光伏电池技术 ...................................................................................... 4

2.1.1光伏电池的发电原理 .................................................................. 5 2.1.2光伏电池的分类及特点 .............................................................. 6 2.2 光伏阵列之光电幕墙 ........................................................................... 7

2.2.1光电幕墙特点 ............................................................................. 8 2.2.2光电幕墙的工作原理 .................................................................. 8 2.2.3选用光电幕墙的优越性 .............................................................. 8 2.3 光伏发电系统的结构分类 .................................................................... 8

2.3.1基于是否带有储能装置的分类 ................................................... 8 2.3.2基于是否与电力系统并网的分类 ............................................. 10 2.4 光伏发电系统并网的结构方式 .......................................................... 12

2.4.1工频变压器绝缘方式 ................................................................ 12 2.4.2高频变压器绝缘方式 ................................................................ 12 2.4.3无变压器方式 ........................................................................... 13 2.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................ 13 第三章 DC/DC变换与MPPT控制部分 .......................................................... 14

3.1 最大功率点跟踪的概述 ..................................................................... 14

3.1.1最大功率点跟踪的原理 ............................................................ 14

III

3.1.2最大功率点跟踪研究的现状 ..................................................... 15 3.2 最大功率点跟踪的算法 ..................................................................... 16

3.2.1恒压跟踪法(CVT) .................................................................... 16 3.2.2扰动观察法(P&O).................................................................... 17 3.2.3电导增量法(INC) ...................................................................... 18 3.3 DC/DC变换器 .................................................................................... 19

3.3.1降压式变换器(Buck Converter) ............................................... 20 3.3.2升压式变换器(Boost Converter) .............................................. 20 3.3.3升降压式变换器(Buck-Boost Converter) ................................. 22 3.3.4库克式变换器(Cuk Converter ) ................................................. 22 3.4 DC/DC变换器与MPPT的适用 .......................................................... 23

3.4.1适用于光伏MPPT的DC/DC变换器 ....................................... 23 3.4.2 MPPT在DC/DC变换器中功能的实现 .................................... 23 3.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................ 25 第四章 三相并网光伏发电系统的逆变部分 .................................................... 26

4.1 光伏并网逆变器的基本构成 .............................................................. 26 4.2 光伏并网逆变器的分类 ..................................................................... 27

4.2.1 三相半桥式逆变器 ................................................................... 28 4.2.2 三相全桥式逆变器 ................................................................... 29 4.2.3 组合式逆变器的电路 ............................................................... 29 4.3 光伏并网逆变器并网的控制策略....................................................... 30

4.3.1电流滞环比较方式 ................................................................... 30 4.3.2定时比较方式 ........................................................................... 32 4.3.3三角波比较方式 ....................................................................... 33 4.3.4无差拍控制方式 ....................................................................... 33 4.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................ 36 第五章 三相并网光伏发电系统的硬件设计 .................................................... 37

5.1 三相并网光伏发电系统的主电路设计 ............................................... 37

5.1.1三相并网光伏发电系统主电路结构 ......................................... 37 5.1.2三相并网光伏发电系统的调度方式 ......................................... 38

IV

5.2 三相并网光伏发电系统的主要参数设计 ........................................... 38 5.3 三相并网光伏发电系统的逆变电路设计 ........................................... 39

5.3.1 DC/DC电路设计 ...................................................................... 39 5.3.2 DC/AC电路设计 ...................................................................... 39 5.4 三相并网光伏发电系统的逆变外围电路设计 .................................... 40

5.4.1控制电源的选择 ....................................................................... 40 5.4.2信号检测电路 ........................................................................... 41 5.4.3驱动和保护电路 ....................................................................... 41 5.5 三相并网光伏发电系统的CPU控制回路设计 .................................. 42

5.5.1 TMS320LF2407控制芯片简介 ................................................. 42 5.5.2选用TMS320LF2407芯片的原因 ............................................. 44 5.6 三相并网光伏发电系统的整体设计 ................................................... 44 5.7 本章小结 ............................................................................................ 45 第六章 三相并网光伏发电系统的仿真 ........................................................... 47

6.1 SVPWM的原理 .................................................................................. 47 6.2 SVPWM的算法 .................................................................................. 48 6.3 三相并网光伏发电系统的仿真初探 ................................................... 50

6.3.1 SVPWM的Simulink仿真 ........................................................ 50 6.3.2三相并网光伏发电系统的仿真 ................................................. 52 6.3.3三相并网光伏发电系统的仿真波形 ......................................... 54 6.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................ 55 结论与展望 ...................................................................................................... 56 附录A .............................................................................................................. 57 附录B .............................................................................................................. 58 参考文献 .......................................................................................................... 59 致 谢 ................................................................................................................ 60

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