欧洲文化European culture

Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture

【教学目的与要求】

本章要求学生对欧洲文化的源头和重要组成部分古希腊罗马文化及其巨大影响有一个较为详尽和系统地了解。 【教学重点与难点】

荷马史诗；古希腊戏剧；古希腊哲学流派和哲学家及其影响；古希腊雕塑和建筑成就；古罗马拉丁语文学；古罗马雕塑和建筑艺术。 【复习思考题】

1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them? 2. Explain Pax Romana.

3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?

4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does \Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? 5. Give an example of the terse style of 3ulius Caesar's prose. 6. Who was Lucretius? What did he do?

7. What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what ways is the book linked with the Greek past? 8. Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?

9. What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples. 10. Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?

Division Two The Bible and Christianity

【教学目的与要求】 本章要求了解《圣经》和基督教在欧洲社会生活中的地位及其对欧洲文化诸方面发展包括文学、哲学、政治、艺术等的巨大影响以及《圣经》对英语语言的发展的影响。 【教学重点与难点】 【复习思考题】

1. What was the Hebrew's major contribution to world civilization? 2. Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related? 3. When did the great exodus take place?

4. Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews? 5. What are the Ten Commandments about? 6. What writings make up the New Testament?

7. How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change? 8. How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?

9. Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?

Division Three The Middle Ages

【教学目的与要求】

要求通过本章学习了解欧洲中世纪的社会状况，主要是欧洲封建主义的发展和教会势力的兴起及其对社会发展的影响。 【教学重点与难点】

封建主义；骑士精神；教会的势力和影响；十字军东征；史诗《贝澳武甫》和《罗兰之歌》；《坎特伯雷故事集》；罗马式和哥特式建筑风格。 【复习思考题】

1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? 2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? 3. Who was Charles Martel?

4. What was the relationship between lord and vassal?

5. Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism? 6. What was the difference between a serf and a free man?

7. What is the importance of the using of vernacular languages in medieval

literature?

8. In what ways did Gothic art differ from Romanesque art?

9. What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?

Division Four Renaissance and Reform

【教学目的与要求】

文艺复兴时期是欧洲文化的黄金时代。本章要求学生较为全面地了解欧洲文艺复兴运动对欧洲文化发展的巨大影响，了解在文学、哲学、绘画和雕塑艺术、科学技术等方面的巨大成就。此外，还应了解欧洲宗教改革的情况。 【复习思考题】

1. What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

2. What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance?

3. Why do we look upon Petrarch as the father of modern poetry?

4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition? 5. In what way was Da Vinci important during the Renaissance?

6. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther? What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?

7. What was Counter-Reformation? Who were the Jesuits? Are they still active now? 8. What did French Renaissance writers propose in their writings?

9. Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?

10. What were some of the scientific advances during the Renaissance?

Division Five The Seventeenth Century

【教学目的与要求】

本章要求学生了解十七世纪欧洲的文化发展，主要包括科学（尤其是天文学）的发展、各种哲学流派及其思想，以及众多的艺术流派和文学成就。

【教学重点与难点】

天文学研究的发展；英国和法国的哲学成就；法国古典主义；巴洛克艺术。 【复习思考题】

1. What were Galileo's contributions to modern science?

2. How did Kepler's laws clarify and amend Copernican theory?

3. Why is Newton generally considered to be the greatest scientist that ever lived? 4. Why do we say that Bacon was a founder of modern philosophy?

5. What were the major differences between Locke’s concept of \contract\and Hobbes's?

6. How did Locke justify rebellion against government? 7. What is the theme of John Milton's Paradise Lost?

8. What is Descartes’ method of Cartesian doubt? What is its significance?

9. Who was the most well-known writer in the 17th century French literature? Say something about one of his major works.

10. What are some of the characteristics of Baroque art?

Division Six The Age of Enlightenment

【教学目的与要求】

本章要求学生了解欧洲启蒙运动的兴起及其影响，了解该时期涌现出的众多的哲学家及其思想、文学成就，以及绘画和音乐的流派和成就。 【教学重点与难点】

哲学家：孟德斯鸠，伏尔泰，卢梭，康德；文学：笛福，斯威夫特，菲尔丁，歌德；洛可可艺术；音乐启蒙主义：巴赫，亨德尔；古典主义音乐：海顿，莫扎特。

【复习思考题】

1. When and where did the Enlightenment take place?

2. Why is the Enlightenment also called \

3. What were Locke and Newton's influence on the Enlightenment? 4. Who were the philosophes?

5. Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws? 6. What kind of book is Candide?

7. In which book did Rousseau discuss the separation of powers? 8. What is Diderot famous for?

9. Was Pope a famous prose writer? Which movement of art and literature was he known to rcpre3eflt?

10. Who is the author of Gulliver's Travels? What is the story about? 11. Which book(s) was Defoe chiefly known for?

12. What was Fielding's major contribution to English literature? Name one of his novels. 13. What is an epistolary novel?

14. What is Dr. Johnson well known for?

15. What were the two periodicals to which Addison and Steele contributed essays? 16. Which essay was Lessing's major contribution to aesthetic theory?

17. Are Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther novels? Who wrote them? 18. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China?

19. Who first proposed the nebula hypothesis?

20. Give the full titles of Kant's three most important critiques. 21. What are the -major characteristics of Rococo Art?

22. Who were the throe best known composers of the \Mozart's works?

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