高中重点语法速查速记

高中重点语法速查速记

冠词 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 时态 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 被动语态 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 定语从句 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 名词性从句 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 状语从句 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 主谓一致 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 非谓语动词 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 倒装 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 特殊句式 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 情态动词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 虚拟语气 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14 50个常用句型 ................................................................................................................................................................... 15

——寿纪涛

冠词

1. (单数可数名词)泛指时用a/ an。(所有的名词)特指时用the。 如: I don’ t like the pencils on the desk. / I don’t like bread.

2. a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前(Mr. Li has one fox.)。 如：an 11-year-old boy/ an MP5/ a boy 3. 常用the的几种情况。

1) 用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的事物前。如: Where is the teacher?

2) 用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：-----I can see a cat. -----The cat is Lucy’s. 3) 用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：The earth goes around the sun 4) 用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：the first/ the best

5) 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Great Wall/ the People’ s Park

6) 用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如：in the day（在白天） play the piano（弹钢琴）

记忆口诀：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，独一无二物，序数最高级，普通构专有，习语及乐器。

4. 不用冠词的几种情况。

1) 名词前已有this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时 2) 泛指的不可数名词或名词复数前。如：The people in the room are doctors. 3) 学科的名词前。如：English, maths, physics, history等。

4) 在三餐饭和球类运动名词前。如：have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball / football等。

5) 在季节、某些节日、星期、月份前。如：autumn, summer, winter, spring, Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day 6) 表颜色、语种和国家名词前。如：white, brown, French, Australia等。

7) 在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及独一无二的职务、头衔的名词前。Doctor Green is a scientist.

记忆口诀：已有限定名词前，泛指复数不可数，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔

5. 有无定冠词意思迥异的词组

1) at table在进餐 at the table在桌旁 2) in prison坐牢 in the prison在监狱 3) in bed卧床，睡觉 in the bed在床上

4) in front of在??的前面 in the front of在??的前部

5) go to hospital入院治疗 go to the hospital去医院（不一定是病人）

6) go to church去教堂做礼拜、做祷告 go to the church去教堂（为了别的目的） 7) go to school去上学（不强调场所） go to the school到学校去（开家长会等）

当堂练习

1. ___ people attended the meeting last night. A the hundred B Hundred C Hundreds of 2. He has already worked for ___ hour. A the B an C a 3. Alice is fond of playing ___ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. A /; the B /; / C the; / D the; the

4. John is ___university student. A some B any C a D an 5. That table is made of ___. A a wood B some wood C the wood D wood 6. He is a student of ___.

A Class First B the Class One C Class One D First Class

7. I have been waiting for him for ___ hour and a half. A the B a C an D whole 8. John Smith is ___ honest man. A one B an C the D a 9. My father told me he was soon going to visit ___.

A the United State B the United States C United States D Unites Stated 10. We are going to learn ___ next week.

A Lesson Twelve B Lesson Twelfth C Twelfth Lesson D the Lesson Twelfth

1-5 CBCCD 6-10 CCBBA 1

时态

1.一般现在时（表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态、表示客观事实和真理。时间状语常有 often, usually, always, sometimes, now and then等） e.g. I play football once a week. 2.一般过去时（表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态）

I played football two years ago.(两年前我踢过足球。ago是典型的表示过去某一时刻的时间状语。) 3. 一般将来时（表示将要发生的动作）

I will play football tomorrow.(表示将来的具体时间) I will play football in three days.(三天后我将踢足球) 一般将来时的其它表示方法：

I am going to play football this afternoon.(表示按计划、安排要发生的事) I am about to play football.（be about表示即将做某事）

I am playing football on Sunday.(用现在进行时表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作)

注：在if, unless, before, as soon as , when, once, however等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，常用现在时表将来 e.g. If I don’t go to school, I will play football tomorrow.

4.过去将来时（在过去时中表示将来发生的动作） e.g. I would play football next day. 5.现在进行时（表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作） e.g. I am playing football now. 6.过去进行时（表示过去某个时间或阶段正在发生的动作）

I was playing football this time yesterday.(昨天的这个时间我正在踢足球)

7.将来进行时（表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作） e.g. I will be playing football on tomorrow morning. 8.现在完成时（表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果、表示从过去一直延续到现在的动作或状 态，时间状语常有 during/in/over the last(past) few months, in recent years, for+时间段, since+时间点） I have played football for three hours.

I have played football since I was ten years old. (主句用的是现在完成时，since从句用的是一般过去时) 9.现在完成进行时（表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，而且现在还正在进行。）

I have been playing football for three hours.(我已经踢了3个小时足球了，我现在仍然在踢着足球，而且 我还要继续踢下去)

10.过去完成时（表示在过去某一动作或某一时间之前发生的动作，即“过去的过去”） I had played football by the end of last month.(截止到上个月底我已经踢过足球了) I had played football before I went to school.(在我上学之前我就踢过足球了)

当堂练习

1. I _____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. (2001 N) A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 2. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.

--- I am tired. I_____ the living room all day. (98 N) A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 3. --- Nancy is not coming tonight. --- But she _____! (98 N)

A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised 4. As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. (95 N)

A. read … was falling B. was reading…fell C. was reading…was falling D. read …fell

5. The little girl ____ her heart out because she ____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it. A. had cried, lost B. cried, had lost C. has cried, has lost D. cries, has lost 6. --- You’ve left the light on.

--- Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off. (2000 N) A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going

7. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year. A. will graduate B. will have graduated C. graduates D. is to graduate

DCBBBAC

2

被动语态

1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）

如：English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。 Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。

The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)

如：The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。 He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。 My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。

3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done；would/should be +done) 如：A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。

I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。 4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done；was/ were being +done)

如：The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。 The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。

A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)

如：Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。 The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。 Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6．过去完成时(had been+done)

如：They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说他们已经被邀请参加晚会了。 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。 He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died. 他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。

当堂练习

1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building. A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving

2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given 3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.

A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen 4. ---Have you moved into the new house?--- Not yet, the rooms ___.

A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted

5.(2003北京春季高考题)—How long ________ at this job? —Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed

6.(2003上海春季高考题)By the end of last year，another new gymnasium ________ in Beijing. A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed

7.If city noises ________ from increasing，people ________ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.

A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to

ABDABDA

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定语从句

1、关系词的基本用法

who 人 主语 e.g. whom 人 宾语

that 人\\物 主语\\宾语 which 物\\句子 主语\\宾语 whose 人\\物 定语 when 时间 状语 where 地点 状语 why 原因 状语 as 人\\物\\句子 主\\宾\\表

注：关系词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。Is there anything (that) you wanted?

2、判断关系代词与关系副词规则：判断先行词或关系词在定语从句中充当的成分(主、宾、定、状) Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 3、that 和 what 的区别

（1）当that引导定语从句时，称作关系代词，要在定语从 句中充当主语或宾语，而引导名词性从句时，称作连接词，在从句中不充当任何成分。

（2）What只能引导名词性从句，作连接词，要在从句中充当一定的成分，且不能省略。 1. I think (that) you will like the stamps. 2. There are the stamps (that) he like. 3. What we need is more practice. 4、“介词+关系代词”：此类题可用“代入法”(把先行词代入从句)

1) This is the big tree __________ they like enjoying cool air in summer. (under which) 2) The picture __________ there is a house and flowers is the one I like. ( in which) 3) The brave man, ________ the bear was caught, is a good hunter. (by whom) 4) There is a lot of air in the water, _____ the fish can’t live. (without which) 5、只用that不用which的5种情况

1）当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing 等不定代词或被它们修饰时。 Is there anything that I can do for you ?

2）当先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被其修饰时

That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop . 3）当先行词有the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。 My necklace is not the only thing that's missing . 4）当主句以who或which开头时

Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ? 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。

The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known . 6、as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句指代整个句子时的区别 1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可 2) as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的含义 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

3) the same? as；such?as 中的as 是一种固定结构, “和??一样??” I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

当堂练习

1. If a shop has chairs ________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where

2. Do you still remember the chicken farm ___we visited three months ago? A. in which B. by which C. which D. where

3. It was in the small house ___ was built with stones by his father ___ he spent his childhood.

A which; that B. that ;where C. which; which D. that; which

4. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______parents were seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 5. Next month, ____ you’ll spend in your hometown, is coming.

A. when B. which C. where D. that

DCAAB

4

名词性从句 结 构：连接词 + 从句(陈述句语序) I don’t understand what he said 连接词：that, who, whom, whose, which, what, where, when, why, how, whether, if, -ever 等 功 能：相当于一个名词成分, 在句中做主语、宾语、表语或同位语。 分 类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

e.g. What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend.（主语和表语从句）

The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.（同位语从句）

（同位语从句是对同位名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。）

注 意：1、从句一律保持陈述句语序。

2、that在及物动词后面引导宾语从句时可省略，其他情况一般不可省略。

考 点：

1、引导词 that 与 what；if 与 whether；who与whoever及no matter who；what 与 how的区别

1）that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，没有任何含义。而 what 在从句中充当主、宾或表。

Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped. （05安徽卷）

A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that (A) 2）if或whether只有在引导vt. 后面的宾语从句时可以互换。同时出现时只选择whether。

以下6种情况只用whether不用if 1.在动词不定式to do之前。 1) What the doctors really doubt is _____my mother will recover from 2.在介词后。 the serious disease soon. (上海2001) 3.从句放在句首时。 A. when B. if C. whether D. why 4.后面直接加or not 时。

2) The problem _____ we should continue to do the experiment has

5.在discuss, decide 动词后。

been solved.

6.引导表语从句和同位语从句时

A. if B. whether C. which D. what (C B)

3）1.who 表示“谁”；whoever 表示“无论谁”，相当于 anyone who；

2.wh-ever 既可引导名词性从句也可引导让步状语从句，而 no matter wh- 只能引导让步状语从句, 当两者同时出现时只能选wh-ever。

______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)

A. Anyone B. no matter who C. Whoever D. Who (C) 4）what 与 how 引导感叹句时的区别

1. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___silly mistakes I had made.

A. what B. that C. how D. which

2. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.

A. what B. how C. such D. so (A B) 2、名词性从句的时态

当主句为现在和将来时态时，名词性从句的时态依实际而定；当主句为过去时态时，从句也要用过去的某种时态，但表客观真理时要用现在时。

1) Scientists think that the continents _____ always where they _____ today. (05北京卷) A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were 2) — Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. — Oh! I thought they ______ without me. (05江西卷)

A．went B．are going C．have gone D．had gone (CD) 3、it 作形式主语或形式宾语的问题: 主语、宾语从句常用it 代替。

1) _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995) A. There B. This C. That D. It

2) I like______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. （04全国I） A this B that C it D one

3) The chairman thought ______ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. A．that B．it C．this D．him (DCB)

5

状语从句

一、六种常见的状语从句

1. 时间状语从句

连词有when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等

e.g. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. 2. 原因状语从句 连词有because, since, as , now that（既然）等 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember.

3. 地点状语从句

连词有where 和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question. 4. 结果状语从句 连词有so … that, such … that等。 e.g. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

5. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性条件句（有可能实现的事情）与虚拟条件句。连词有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank. If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

6. 让步状语从句 连词有although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind. 二、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时。 e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、状语从句的省略：有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。 e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If (you are) asked you may come in. If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。 e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

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主谓一致

1. 就近一致

以连词or, either?or , neither ?nor, there be, not only?but also 连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。 2. 就远一致

主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides, rather than, including等时，谓语应于前面主语保持一致．

3. 谓语只用单数的情况

1) More than one 或many a + 名词单数 2) 表时间，距离，金钱，重量等的数词 3) a day or two 或 one and a half days

4) either, neither, each, every 或no + 单数名词 5) 由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词

6) 用 and 连接的两个单数名词前（分别）有 no, each, every, 或many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。 4. 谓语只用复数的情：the + adj. 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数 5. 谓语视情况而定

1) 两个或两个以上的名词用and连接，谓语用复数．但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。 2) a number of 意为“很多…”谓语用复数。The number of意为“…的数量”其谓语用单数

3) 由“分数或百分数或a lot of , lots of, plenty of, the rest of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语要根据短语中

的名词来定。

4) 定语从句的谓语取决于先行词。

5) What 引导的句子作主语时，根据其后面的名词来定主句的谓语。 6) 集体名词family, audience, crew, crowd, class等做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语用单数；如果指其中的成员，

谓语用复数．但people, police, cattle做主语时谓语只能用复数．

7) The population 做主语，谓语用单数，但若其前面有分数时，谓语用复数。

1. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ___ tired of having one examination after another. (1989 ) A. is B. are C. am D. be

2. A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift . （1990NMET） A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered

3. The rich ___ not always happy. A. is B. has C. have D. are 4. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet. （1991 NMET）

A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided

5. The number of people invited _______ fifty, but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons . (1996

NMET)

A. were, was B. was , was C. was, were D. were; were. 6. _____ of the southern hemisphere (南半球) _____ with water. A. Four five; is covered B. Four fifths; is covered

C. Four fifth, are covered D. Four fifths, are covered.

7. He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. (02上海春)

A. is B. are C. have been D. has been 8. What we need ___water and what they need ____ teachers. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are 9. His family ___ all football fans.

A. is B. has been C. are being D. are

10. The population of China ___larger than before and over 49 percent of the population ___women .

A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are Key BADAC BDADA

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非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的概念

动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）

1. to do不定式表目的和将来 2. doing表主动和进行 3.过去分词done表被动和完成 三、非谓语动词否定时在非谓语动词前加not 即 not to do, not doing 四、非谓语动词的做题步骤

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。

2、判断非谓语动词和其逻辑主语之间的关系。注：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语或者它所修饰的词。

五、特殊记忆

1. 句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.

Sth is + adj + to do

It’s no good / use doing sth.

There is no sense / point in doing There is no need to do sth

e.g. It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. This homework is difficult to do. 2、只能接不定式的动词：

want, would like, would prefer, ask, demand, intend, desire, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, manage, promise, choose, continue, plan, prepare, make up one’s mind, try one’s best 3、只能接动名词的动词：

suggest, advise(建议), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜欢)，appreciate (鉴赏，感激)，forbid禁止），avoid (避 免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒险)，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推迟），give up (放弃)， be busy (忙于)，be worth (值得)，practise (反复练习)，consider 4、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：

remember to do 记得去做， remember doing 记得做过 forget to do 忘记去做，forget doing 忘记做过 了, regret to do 遗憾去做，regret doing 后悔做过, try to do 设法去做，try doing 试着做, go on to do 接 着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做同一件事, mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做, stop to do 停下 来去做，stop doing 停止做,cant help (to) do 不能帮助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做。 如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.

A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting (A) 5、要接动名词的几个句型

prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing …(阻止…做)

spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在…花费或浪费时间或钱 how about / what about doing

have some difficulty / trouble / problems in doing 在做… 有困难 have a hard / good time in doing 做… 很艰难或做…很愉快 6、含介词to 的短语

look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、献身于，be / get used to 习惯于，lead to 导致，get down to 着手做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 谈到，所指，参考，equal to 等于，能胜任，belong to 属于 如：Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.

A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up (B) 7、介词but （除了）后接不定式：

如：have no choice but to do sth. 没有别的选择 只好做… 但当but 前有形为动词 do 时，but 后的不定式省to. 如： Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.

A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit (A) 8. permit / allow (允许)，advise (建议)，forbid (禁止)，有两种用法：接doing或接“sb to do sth”

9. need, want, require 意为“需要”，主语是物时，用句型：need, want, require + doing/ to be done 需要被….. 10.值得做?. be worth doing ; be worthy to be done = be worthy of being done 11.使役动词let / make / have + sb+ do sth. 但变成被动时常加to：be made to do sth 注：get sb to do sth. 也译成“让某人做…

e.g. Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.

A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry (A)

12.感官动词feel, see, hear, smell, watch, notice＋sb + do / doing / done (分别表示全过程、正在发生、被动完成)

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1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.

A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow A 2) The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.

A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play A 13. with 的复合结构：with +宾+宾补。

The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied D 14. have 句型：让某人做某事have sb do sth；让某人一直做某事 have sb doing, 让某事被做或遭遇 到…have sth done

如：He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.

A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair B

15. 句型 It is said that… 可变成：sb / sth is said to do/ to have done

如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. (to have gone) 16. (only) to do?表出乎意料的结果；-ing表顺其自然的结果 如：He hurried there, only to find the shop was closed. 17.几个特殊句式

1)Why not do sth?=Why don’t you do sth? 2)had better (not) do sth. 最好做 3)would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿做

4)woud do… rather than do… = would rather do… than do…= prefer to do …. rather than do…= prefer doing… to doing… 宁愿做…. 而不愿做 18.固定的非谓语结构

judging from / by…(由…判断), generally speaking, strictly speaking（严格来说）

to tell you the truth（老实说）, to make things worse(更糟的是), to begin / start with（首先） Believe it or not (信不信由你)

considering （考虑到，就…而言），providing / provided / supposing 假如 当堂练习

1.(2007春季上海，33）All the staff in our company are considering ______ to the city centre for the fashion show.

A.to go B.going C.to have gone D.having gone 2.(2006全国Ⅰ，32)________ and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize.

A.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising

3.(2006全国Ⅱ，17）We often provide our children with toys，footballs or basketballs，________ that all children like these things.

A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought

4.(2006上海，31）Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use ________ with him.

A.to argue B.arguing C.argued D.having argued

5.(2006辽宁，25）I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ________ Chinese in the school，most ________ were from Germany.

A.study;of whom B.study;of them C.studying;of them D.studying;of whom

6.(2006湖南，28）If you think that treating a woman well means always __ her permission for things，think again.

A.gets B.got C.to get D.getting 7.(2006重庆，27)________ and I’ll get the work finished.

A.Have one more hour B.One more hour C.Given one more hour D.If I have one more hour 8.(2006安徽，21）My cousin came to see me from the country，________ me a full basket of fresh fruits.

A.brought B.bringing C.to bring D.had brought 9.(2006上海春季，29）The parents suggested ________ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.

A.sleep B.to sleep C.sleeping D.having slept

KEYS:BBABD DBBC

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倒装

一、倒装共分为两类：全部倒装（谓语+主语+其他）；部分倒装（助动词或情态动词+主语+谓语其他成分） E g. 1. I love English. 2. Here came the headmaster. 3. Never will I forgive you.

二、全部倒装：下列词位于句首时要用全倒装：There/Here/Now/Then /表语/地点状语/方位词 1. Here is a ticket for you. 2. There lived a girl named Aqiao long ago. 3. Now comes your turn. 4. Then _____ the Civil War.

A. did follow B. followed C. does follow D. following B 注：主语为人称代词时不用倒装。Here he comes.

3. Worst of all were the humiliations. / Such is the case.

4. Round the corner walked a large policeman. / Under the table was lying a half-conscious man. 5. South of the city lies a big steel factory. / Out rushed the students. / Up went the plane.

三、部分倒装：下列词位于句首时用部分倒装：如，否只也频至，虽祝（谐音：如，不知也骗知，水煮） 1．在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中

这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首，其他不变。 1）Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.

2）Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. 2．在以具有否定意义的词开头的句子中

这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如：

1）Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.

2）Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.

3）Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience. 3．当句首状语由“only +状语”构成时，句子须半倒装。例如： 1）Only in this way can you succeed.

2）Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. 4．表示“某人也….”

1）This problem is not difficult and neither is that one. 2）Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil. 5. often等频度词置于句首时

例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. 6. “以至于”结构中的 so部分放到句首时，句子须倒装。例如： 1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.

7．As 表“尽管”时，必须把被强调部分放句首，其他不变。Though 也可以这么用。 1）Small as the atom is, we can smash it.

2）Boy as he is，he is timid. (放句首的单数名词前不加冠词)

当堂练习

1. Hardly ____ when it began to rain.

A. had he arrived B. arrived he C. he had arrived D. did he arrive 2. Only in this way ____ do it well.

A. must we B. we could C. can we D. we can 3. ---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? ---I don’t know, _______.

A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also 4. Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. had the villagers realized

C. the villagers did realized D. didn’t the villagers realized ACBA

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特殊句式

感叹句：共分为What，How两种.

1.如果中心词为单数可数名词, 要用以下两个句型（括号中成分可以省略）： What +a/an+(形容词)+单名(+主语+谓语)！

How+形容词/ 副词+ (a/an +单名)+(主语+谓语)！

e.g. What a beautiful girl she is! = How beautiful a girl she is! 2.如果中心词为复数名词或者不可数名词，只能用What句型： What+(形容词)+ 复名/ 不可名+(主语+谓语)！

e.g. What nice music it is! What kind women they are! 强调句：

1. 陈述句式：It is +被强调部分+that/who+ 其他句子成分！

注：1). 如果强调的是人，用who和that都行，否则只能用that。

2). 判断一个句子是不是强调句，只需要去掉句子中的“it is ….that” 结构, 看看能否还原成完整的句子，

如果能的话，就是强调句，否则就不是。

e. g. It was LiLei who/that helped me study lesson two. It was lesson two that LiLei helped me study.

2. 疑问句式：Is it +被强调部分+that/who+ 其他句子成分？ e.g. Was it LiLei who/that helped you study lesson two? Was it lesson two that LiLei helped you study?

3. 特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+ is it that +其他句子成分？ e.g. Who was it that helped you study lesson two? What was it that LiLei helped you study?

4. “not….until(直到….才)”句型的强调句结构：It is not until…..that+其他句子成分. e.g. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until his wife came back.

强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 随堂检测

1. ____ nice watch it is!(1998山东)

A. How B. What C. What a D. How a 2. ____ bright girls they are!(1998浙江)

A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 3. ____ interesting the film is!(1998湖北)

A. What B. What an C. How D. How a

4. ____ sunny day! Let’s go out for a walk.(1999江西)

A. How a B. How C. What a D. What 5. ____ hard work it is!(1999浙江)

A. How B. What C. What a D. What an 6.____ that gold is not widely used as a conductor(导体)?

A. Why is B. Is it why C. Why is it D. Why is that 7. It was what he said ___ disappointed me.

A. that B. what C. when D. when 8. It was ___ it was raining so hard that we had to stay at home all day.

A. since B .for C. as D. because 9. Is it three hours ____ the boy whose family is poor to come to school on foot?

A .that B. that it takes C. which it takes D. when

10. It was not until dark ___ he found ___ he thought was the correct way to solve the problem.

A. that; what B. that; that C. when; what D. when; that

1-5 CACCB 6-10 CADBA

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情态动词

情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。 一、 can, could

1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能）

此时可用be able to代替。但当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。 如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。

-----Can I go now? ---- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

---- Could I come to see you tomorrow? ---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. ) 3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。

They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least.

4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true?

This can’t be done by him. How can this be true? 二、 may, might

1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。

----Might/ May I smoke in this room? ---- No, you mustn’t.

---- May/Might I take this book out of the room? ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )

用May I...？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I...？在口语中更常见。 2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May you succeed!

3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 1．He may /might be very busy now.

2．Your mother may /might not know the truth. 三、 must, have to

1) 表示必须、必要。E.g. You must come in time.

在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn’t（禁止，不准），而用needn’t, don’t have to ---- Must we hand in our exercise books today?

---- Yes, you must. / ---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t. 2) 表示推测 “一定”（只用于肯定的陈述句）

You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. 四、 dare, need

1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。 1． How dare you say I’m unfair?

2． He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?

3． If we dared not go there that day， we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.

2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。 1．You needn’t come so early.

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2. ---- Need I finish the work today? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

3) dare和 need作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 1. I dare to swim across this river. 2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

3. He needs to finish his homework today. 五、 shall, should

1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?

2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的允诺、规定、命令、威胁或警告。 1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告) 2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) 3. He shall be punished.(威胁) 六、 will, would

1) 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please? 2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。 1. I will never do that again.

2. They asked him if he would go abroad.

3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。

1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day. 2. The wound would not heal.

4) 表示估计和猜想。 It would be about ten o’clock when she left home. 七、 should, ought to

1) should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。 1. I should help her because she is in trouble. 2. You ought to take care of the baby.

2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。 1. You should / ought to go to class right away. 2. Should I open the window?

3) 表示推测 He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定) 八、情态动词+have done 表示对过去的推测

1. 过去一定做过某事must have done；其否定形式can’t / couldn’t have done 过去肯定没做过某事

2. 过去可能做过某事could/ may / might have done（注：could have done 还可表示过去本能做却未做） 3. 本应该做却未做should/ ought to have done；本不应该做却做了shouldn’t/ ought not to have done 4. 本没有必要做却做了needn’t have done 5. 宁愿做过但实际未做 would rather have done She must have gone through a lot.

Sorry I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. He may not have heard his name called.

The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult. You could have done better, but you were too careless.

He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. You shouldn’t have done it so carelessly.

You needn’t have watered the plants, for it is going to rain.

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虚拟语气

(一) 含IF条件句的虚拟语气 条件从句 主句 对将来的虚拟 should do/ were to do/ did would /should/could/might + do 对现在的虚拟 did （同上） 对过去是虚拟 had done would /should/could/might + have done 1. 如果你早来5分钟，你就赶上这趟车了。

If you ________ here five minutes earlier, you ________________ the bus. (had got; would have caught) 2. 如果我现在不忙，我就来帮你了。

If I ____ not busy, I _________ you now. (were; would help) 3. 如果明天下雪了，我们怎么办？

What _____ we do if it __________tomorrow? (should; were to snow)

注：如果if条件状语中有were, had, should时, 可以省略if，把were, had或should提到句首，构成倒装。 1. Had you given me a telephone call, I wouldn’t have come here. 2. Were you in my position, you would do the same thing. 3. Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the match. (二) WISH结构中的虚拟语气

wish+从句时, 如果表示对将来的虚拟, 从句用would /could/ might +do； 如果表示对现在的虚拟, 从句用did

如果表示对过去的虚拟, 从句用had done

e.g. I wish he would come tomorrow. / I knew the answers to the question. / I had been here yesterday. 注：if only (要是…就好了)、as if\\ as though (好像) 后面跟的虚拟语气和wish 后面的差不多。 (三) shoud 型虚拟语气

1. 表示 “建议” “要求”“命令”的词后面跟的名词性从句中用：(should) + do e.g．My suggestion is that we should visit the exhibition right away. That afternoon came the order that we should cross the river. Our teacher suggests that we should read English every morning. 注：当insist 表“坚持说/认为”，suggest表“暗示，表明”时，句子不用虚拟语气 The boy insisted that he had seen the man steal the wallet from the lady. Her pale face suggested that she didn’t feel well just now.

2. It is important / necessary / strange/ natural that + (should) + do (四) 常用虚拟语气的一些固定句型

1. It’s (high/about) time + that 从句(did / should do) 注：此句型中should 不能省略 It’s time I went to pick up my little daughter./It is high time I should go to pick up my little daughter. 2. would rather (宁愿) + that 从句时，如果从句是对过去的虚拟用had done；否则用did I would rather you hadn’t told me the secret . You would rather she weren’t here, right ? I would rather they came tomorrow.

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50个常用句型

1. There be … Where is a will, there is a way.

2. There is something wrong with …… Is there anything wrong with your bike? 3. There is no doubt about/ that… There is no doubt that he came late. 4. There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth There is no need for more science teachers. 5. After what seemed a long time, ……

After what seemed a long time, the wounded soldier woke up. 6. What will become of sb/ sth? What will become of the orphan?

7. It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 8. Let’s do sth, shall we? Let’s start, shall we?

9. I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移) I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 10. By the end of…. By the end of last year, the museum had been built. By the end of next month, the museum will have been built. 11. Who is it? ---Who is it? --- It’s me.

12. It’s + adj./ n. + to do It’s a shame to lose the match. 13. It is one's turn to do sth. It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 14. I think / feel/ find it + adj./ n. + to do I feel it our duty to help the weak. 15. I take it for granted that…

I take it for granted that you will stay with us. 16. It is nice/ kind of sb. + to do It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. for sth. 17. It is time for sb to do that sb did sth. / sb should do It is time for lunch.

It is time they were taught a lesson. 18. It’s up to sb to do sth. It is up to you to fix the time. 19. It is (not) like sb to sth It is not like him to get up late.

20. It takes sb money / time to do sth.

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It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 21. It’s certain that… It’s certain that he won the election. 22. (It is) No wonder that…

No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 23. It happened that…

It happened that I was not in at that time. 24. It occurs to sb to do sth that…

It occurred to him that he might adopt a homeless child.

25. It doesn’t matter + wh-… It doesn’t matter whether he is coming or not. 26. It will (not) + 时间段 + before…… It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 27. It is /has been + 时间段 + since…… It is years since he left his homeland. 28. It seems/ looks as if…

It seems as if he knew everything about it. 29. It all depends = That depends ---Will you set off tomorrow? ---It all depends.

30. It is the first time that…has done… It is the first time she has visited our school.

It was the second time she had visited our school. 31. It is/ was …….that… (强调句型) It is on the desk that you put your book.

It was the doctor that inquired what had happened.

32. It was not until ……that …… (not until强调句型) It was not until then that he got his mother’s message. = Not until then did he get his mother’s message. 33. only + 状语放句首， 主句倒装 Only then could the work of reconstruction be seriously begun. 34. Hardly… when… Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 35. No sooner …… than…

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 36. No matter wh-… ……

No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. =Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him. 37. So it is (the same) with…

---I am from Australia and I like Chinese. ---So it is with me.

38. May you do sth! (表祝愿) May you be happy! 39. sth is worth doing. The book is worth reading. 40. sb does nothing but do sth.

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He did nothing but wait here.

41. sb prefer to do…… rather than do…… I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful the film with him. 42. sb would rather do…than do… I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 43. sb does what one can to do sth I will do what I can to help him pass the exam. 44. sb spent as much time as he could doing sth. He spent as much time as he could remembering new words.

45. with + n./ pron. + adj./adv./ pre.prase/ doing/ done / to do (with的复合结构可在句中作定语或状语) Do you know the old man with a book in his hand? With the old man to lead the way, we will not be lost.

46. sb is too ready/ glad/ happy/pleased to do sth. (too= very) We are too ready to help you. 47. The reason why… is that…

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much wasted into it. 48. The more… the more… The more, the better.

49. never … a + adj (比较级) + n. (表最高级含义) I have never seen a better film than this. 50. For one thing… for another (thing)…

I am not going on a holiday this summer. For one thing, I have no much free time; for another, I haven’t got enough money.

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