The Appendix contains brief discussions that relate the case stud-ies to the professional standards discussed in the guide. The existence of professional standards implies that there are better and worse ways of approaching particular problems. At the same time, individuals interpret the cases in different ways, depending on their own experi-ence and convictions. These different interpretations may be revealed particularly during panel discussions, which could include researchers who are at different stages of their careers—for example, a graduate student, a postdoctoral fellow, a junior faculty member, and a senior faculty member. Panels also can include individuals who have direct experience with administering programs or teaching classes on the responsible conduct of research. These individuals can relate the wide range of issues and perspectives involved in a particular case to professional standards.
Finally, training in the responsible conduct of research is too important to be relegated to a single seminar or Web-based tutorial. Responsible conduct is an essential part of good research and should not be separated from the rest of the curriculum. Since all researchers need to be able to analyze complex issues of professional practice and act accordingly, every course in science and related topics and every research experience should include discussions of ethical issues. Ide-ally, these discussions will continue during mentoring and advising sessions. It is hoped that this guide lays a foundation for those discus-sions, raising awareness and promoting debates among all researchers on matters of scientific ethics.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。
Contents
Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research 1
Terminology: Values, Standards, and Practices, 3
Advising and Mentoring 4
Case Study: A Change of Plans, 5
Ad ice: Choosing a Research Group, 6
The Treatment of Data 8
Case Study: The Selection of Data, 10
Mistakes and Negligence 12
Historic Case Study: Changing Knowledge, 13
Case Study: Discovering an Error, 14
Research Misconduct 15
Historic Case Study: A Breach of Trust, 16
Case Study: Fabrication in a Grant Proposal, 17
Case Study: Is It Plagiarism?, 18
Responding to Suspected Violations of Professional Standards 19
Historic Case Study: Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal, 21Case Study: A Career in the Balance, 22
x ii
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。
x iii contents
Human Participants and Animal Subjects in Research
Case Study: Tests on Students, 25
Case Study: A Change of Protocol, 26
Laboratory Safety in Research
Sharing of Research Results
Historic Case Study: The Race to Publish, 31
Case Study: Publication Practices, 32
A d ice: Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of
Scientific Information, 34
Authorship and the Allocation of Credit
Case Study: Who Gets Credit?, 36
H istoric Case Study: Who Should Get Credit for the
Discovery of Pulsars?, 38
Intellectual Property
Case Study: A Commercial Opportunity?, 42
Competing Interests, Commitments, and Values
Case Study: A Conflict of Commitment, 45
A d ice: Does the Source of Research Funding Influence
Research Findings?, 47
The Researcher in Society
Historic Case Study: Ending the Use of Agent Orange, 49
Appendix: Discussion of Case Studies
Additional Resources
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.242829353943485157
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