On_Being_a_Scientist_A_Guide_to_Responsible_Conduct_in_Resea(3)

ralph J. CiCerone (Ex-officio), President, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC

edWard F. CraWley, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of Engineering Systems, Department of Aeronautics

and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA

ruth a. david, President and CEO of ANSER Institute for Homeland Security (Analytic Services, Inc.), Arlington, VA

haile t. deBas, Chancellor Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco

harvey FineBerG (Ex-officio), President, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC

JaCques s. Gansler, Roger C. Lipitz Chair in Public Policy

and Private Enterprise, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park

elsa m. Garmire, Sydney E. Junkins Professor of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH

m.r.C. GreenWood (Ex-officio), Chair, Policy and Global Affairs, Natonal Research Council; and Professor of Nutrition and

Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis

W. Carl lineBerGer, Professor of Chemistry, University of

Colorado, Boulder

C. dan mote, Jr. (Ex-officio), President, University of Maryland, College Park

roBert m. nerem, Professor and Director, Parker H. Petit

Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

laWrenCe t. papay, CEO and Principal, PQR, LLC, Maineville, OHanne C. petersen, Deputy Director, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA

ii

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。

susan C. sCrimshaW, President, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NYWilliam J. spenCer, Chairman Emeritus, SEMATECH, Austin, TXlydia thomas (Ex-officio), Co-Chair, Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable

Charles m. vest (Ex-Officio), President, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC

nanCy s. Wexler, Higgins Professor of Neuropsychology,

Columbia University, New York, NY

mary lou zoBaCk, Vice President for Earthquake Risk

Applications, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Newark, CA

iii

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。

Preface

The scientific enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Society trusts that scientific research results are an honest and accurate reflection of a researcher’s work. Researchers equally trust that their colleagues have gathered data carefully, have used appropriate ana-lytic and statistical techniques, have reported their results accurately, and have treated the work of other researchers with respect. When this trust is misplaced and the professional standards of science are violated, researchers are not just personally affronted—they feel that the base of their profession has been undermined. This would impact the relationship between science and society.

On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research presents an overview of the professional standards of science and explains why adherence to those standards is essential for continued scientific progress. In accordance with the previous editions published in 1989 and 1995, this guide provides an overview of professional standards in research. It further aims to highlight particular challenges the science community faces in the early 21st century. While directed primarily

ix

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。

x Preface

toward graduate students, postdocs, and junior faculty in an academic setting, this guide is useful for scientists at all stages in their education and careers, including those working for industry and government. Thus, the term “scientist” in the title and the text applies very broadly and includes all researchers engaged in the pursuit of new knowledge through investigations that apply scientific methods.

In the past, beginning researchers learned the standards of sci-ence largely by participating in research and by observing other researchers make decisions about the interpretation of data and the presentation of results and interactions with their colleagues. They discussed professional practices with their peers, with support staff, and with more experienced researchers. They learned how the broad ethical values we honor in everyday life apply in the context of sci-ence. During that learning process, research advisers and mentors in particular can have a profound effect on the professional and personal development of beginning researchers, as is discussed in this guide. This assimilation of professional standards through experience re-mains vitally important.

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