高中英语语法：非谓语动词详细复习资料(2)

（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do

（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.

3、常用动名词做主语的句型有： It’s no good (use, fun) doing. It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.

不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较 A．作前置定语

现在分词、过去分词、动名词 可以作前置定语，而不定式不能作前置定语。如： ① a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water，boiled water ; ②building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy , the coming new year 。 辨异的方法很简单：

①现在分词具有主动、进行的特点，而过去分词则具有被动、完成的特点。例如，a developing country=a country which is developing (发展中国家 )； boiling water=water which is boiling(正在滚开的水 ) ; a developed country=a country which has developed（发达国家 ）； boiled water=water which has been boiled(已滚开过的水)。

②现在分词和动名词同形，但作前置定语时，动名词表示所修饰的名词的用途，例如， .building materials=materials for building; a swimming pool=a pool for swimming ；而现在分词作前置定语时，表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，两

者是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如，the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping ; the coming new year=the new year that is coming 。 B．作后置定语

不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作作后置定语，而动名词不作后置定语。先看例句：

① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important. ② The problem discussed discussed at the meeting is very important. ③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.

辨析：上面例句分别用不定式、现在分词、过去分词作后置定语，是因为它们存在不同的情况：不定式作定语，表示动作正要进行（未发生）；现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行（正在发生）；过去分词作定语，表示动作已完成（已发生）。据此，我们可以把上面的例句还原为定语从句作定语的句子，这样学生就更容易理解：

① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem ( which is ) to be discussed at the meeting is very important.

② The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which was ) discussed at the meeting is very important.

③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which is ) being discussed at the meeting is very important. 现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语 现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语也是比较常用的句式，如： I heard him singing English songs.

His English was poor .He could hardly make himself understood.

学习小结：不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作宾补，正确使用它们的方法是：首先确定它们与逻辑主语即句子的宾语之间的关系，如果逻辑主语是它们动作的执行者，则用不定式或现在分词作宾补。不定式表示动作已完成，侧重工作的全过程，而现在分词表示动作正在进行；如果逻辑主语是它们动作的承受者，则应用过去分词作宾补。如： I often heard him sing English songs. I heard him singing English songs. I often heard English songs sung by him. 不定式、分词作状语时的比较 A.不定式可修饰动词和形容词，表示原因、目的和结果。 a)作修饰动词的原因状语。如：

The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Premier Zhou Enlai’s death. He laughed to think of his stupid son.

b)作修饰动词的目的状语。如：

He went to buy an English dictionary in the bookstore.

不定式作目的状语如果放在句子之前，则更为正式一些，语气也较重。如： To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil.

c)作修饰动词的结果状语。不定式做结果状语，表示一种没有预料到的情况或结果，须放在被修饰动词的后面，如：

He woke up to find that he was lying in the hospital.

有时为了进一步加强预料不到的语气，在表示结果的不定式前还可加only, 如： He went to see him only to find him out.

d) 作修饰表语形容词的状语。尤其要注意的是，此时作修饰表语形容词状语的不定式常用主动形式，表示被动的含义。如： My chair is comfortable to sit on. English is very difficult to learn well. B．分词可作多种状语，用法比较活跃。 a)作时间状语（相当时间状语从句），如：

Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (=After he had finished his homework, ．．．)

(When) heated, ice will turn into water. (=When it is heated, ．．．) b)作原因状语（相当原因状语从句），如：

Being a Party member, I should take the lead. (=As I am a Party member, ．．．) Greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, he made up his mind to work even harder. (=Because he was greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, ．．．) c)作方式、伴随或附加说明状语，如：

Filled for the moment with extraordinary strength, he raised himself completely. He stood there waiting for a bus.

Here for the four very difficult years they worked every moment that they could spare, weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking. d)作条件状语（相当条件状语从句），如：

Given some more time, she will do work even better. (= If she is given some more time, ．．．)

Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (=If you play all day, ．．． ) e) 作结果状语，如：

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.

有时在表示结果的现在分词之前还可加only,表示预料之中的情况，如： He went to see him last night only finding him studying. He was always working hard!

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