跨文化交际复习题及答案(3)

and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

1. Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.

16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.

17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.

18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.

Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 More haste, less speed. 欲速不达 To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛

dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底捞月 to drink like a fish 牛饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡 to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽

landscape engineer 园林工人 tonsorial artist 理发师 sanitation engineer 清洁工 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠 soft in the head 发疯的 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎 to take things without permission 偷窃 industrial climate 劳资关系紧张

justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺 diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手 golden saying 金玉良言

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You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直

better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后 tread upon eggs 如履薄冰

简答题

9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to

②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages

⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does

⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning

⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确） the communication 1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.

①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） ②innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）③economic globailzation(经济全球化）④widespread migrations(广泛的移民) 2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?

①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)

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②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有观点）(what they think) 3.How to understand cultural iceberg?

just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface 4.What are the characteristic(特点） of culture?

①shared ②learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning one's culture)

③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior) 5.What are the characteristic of communication?

①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)

1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?

①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name； in English this order is reversed.

②In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.

Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.

(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.

Chinese use a person's title、office、or profession to indicate(表明） the person's influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and

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captain.(p24)

1. What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?

M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的

P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered. 3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97 M: Do one thing at a time Take time commitments seriously Are committed to the job Adhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptness

Are accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at once

Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Base promptness on the relationship

Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships

M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.

P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.

2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)

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Creating or reinforcing(加固） solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）. 2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?

The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.

In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.

4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教） and Christianity（基督教）?

Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.

Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.

Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.

5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）As far as the human

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