2011年理工类职称英语新增文章1

2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解

新增文章篇目

第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 第六篇 Waving With Light

*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses *第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants

+第四十五篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others +第四十六篇 Marvelous Metamaterials

注：

1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章； 2、完形填空请参见第21页；

3、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。

第二篇

World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict

In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost

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a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels． Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting \oil\．\oil \the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of \The term \afterwards to start on irreversible decline．

The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．

However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.

The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries,

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which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are

being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform

energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.

词汇：

Conserve v． 保护，保存 crude oil原油

spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞 curve n．曲线

irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的

注释：

1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。

2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。 3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线

4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。 5．account for：说明，解释

6．conventional crude oil：常规原油

7．oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。

练习：

1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word \paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended

2．The term \production will

A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．

D．start to decline after global oil production peaks．

3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?

A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．

C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．

4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014．

B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries． C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?

A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．

D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．

答案与题解：

1．B spark一词做及物动词使用时有\发动\、\激发\的意思，在此意为stimulated，即\引发\，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对\石油峰值\预测的兴趣。

2．D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。

3．D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。

4．A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。

5．B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。

第六篇

Waving With Light

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In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico, the native Huichol people live much the way their ancestors did--without electricity. That’s because it’s too

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expensive to string power lines to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity--at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark, they must stop whatever they’re doing.

Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets．The scientists’ technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other items.

By collecting the sun’s energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night．Their inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader Sheila Kennedy．

\invention,\Kennedy says, \from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didn't have a lot of money．\

At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness

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light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs．These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights．

LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs．Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights．Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees Celsius．At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see．

Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heat——and

invisible．With all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quickly．They are also easily broken．

LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure．When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light．Unlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colors．Within an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced．

词汇：

Portable adj．轻便的，手提式的

light—emitting diode(LED) 发光二极管 bulb n．灯泡；球状物

incandescent adj．白灼的 coil n．线圈，卷，圈 molecule n．分子

注释： 1．Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉o Sierra；一词在西班牙语中本身就包含了“山脉”的意思，确切地说是“呈齿状起伏的山脉”，因为在西班牙语中Sierra有“锯子”的意思。

2．Huichol people：维克人。他们是居住在墨西哥中西部地区马德雷山脉的土著印地安人。该地区山路崎岖，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也没能影响维克人的土著文化。据估计，维克印地安人现仅存约一万人。

3．string power lines：架设输电线。

4．Now，a team of scientists?is usin9：a team of scientists可以视作单数，也可以视作复数。本句用作单数，所以后接的谓语动词是is。

5．At the core of：此处the core of意为the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。

6．At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒装句，主语是“devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，谓语动词是“are”。high．brightness light．emitting diodes可译为“高亮度发光二极管。

练习：

1．To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and A．sell it to tourists in their villages．

B．sell it in cities far away from their villages． C．display it in their village museum．

D．keep it in their homes to attract tourists． 2．Why can Portable Lights emit light?

A．Electronic crystals are woven into fabrics．

B．Items such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights． C．The sun's energy is collected during the day． D．All of the above．

3．What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights?

A．This invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor． B．They are widely used in the United States．

C．Portable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light．

D．They are expensive to make but easy to carry．

4．What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? A．HB LEDs

B．Glass Bulbs．

C．Incandescent lights． D．Heated metal coils．

5．LEDs are different from light bulbs in that

A．LEDs are incandescent lights while light bulbs are not． B．LEDs have a metal coil while light bulbs have not． C．LEDs emit colored light while most light bulbs don't．

D．LEDs are made up of tiny pieces of rock while light bulbs are not．

答案与题解：

1．B 短文的第一段提供了答案，该段告诉我们，维克人为了谋生，制作工艺品，并到几百英里以外的城市去销售。

2．D文章的第二和第三段包括了A、B和C所述内容。所以D是答案。

3．C 短文的第四和第五段提供了答案。短文第四段的句子说了Potable Lights可以在世界范围内改变穷乡僻壤用不上电的人们的生活，C准确地表达了这层意思，所以是答案0 A不是答案，说Potable Lights能改变富人穷人的生活，不符合原文的意思。短文没有提及Portable Lights在美国使用，也没有说Portable Lights是否花费很大。所以B和D都不是答案。

4．A第六段的第一句提供了答案。Portable Lights技术的最主要部分是high—brightness light—emitting diodes，即高亮度发光二极管。

5．C短文的第六段对light bulbs进行了描述。第二句中的those glass bulbs即指第一句中的light bulbs。因此，LEDs不是incandescent lights(白炽灯)，也没有金属丝。所以A和B均是错误的选择。最后一段的第一个句子LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure中的like pieces of rock，不等于 pieces。

*第三十四篇

Batteries Built by Viruses

What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’re all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer

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clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．

Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though3．In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with5 the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques． Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond． Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries6 in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。

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