C. international war D. engineering failures 7. The construction of the railroad took how many years?
A. Three B. Three and a half C. Four D. Four and a half 8. Rails were laid on trestle mainly because of the _____________. A. steepness of the grades encountered in the ascent. B. roughness of the terrain.
C. danger of ice on the tracks during bad weather. D. danger of high winds.
9. During how many months each year is the Mount Washington railway in operation?
A. Two B. Four C. Six D. Eight 10. The weather at the summit of Mount Washington could be most accurately described
as _________.
A. generally fair and clear. B. often windy but pleasant. C. rarely icy and dangerous. D. frequently foul and cold.
Passage Three:
At one time in England, the oath which one takes to tell the truth was used against the accused with devastating effect. If he refused to take the oath, he was held in contempt and punished. If he took the oath and then refused to answer a question, the refusal was taken as a confession of the thing charged in the question. Thus were men compelled to testify against themselves.
A widely heralded defiance of this practice was made by John Lilburne, who was charged with sending scandalous books into England. He refused to be examined under oath, saying that the oath was “both against the law of God and the law of the land”. He announced that he would never take it “though I be pulled in pieces by wild horses”.
Lilburne was held in contempt, publicly whipped, fined, and placed in solitary confinement.
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That was in 1638. On February 13, 1645, the house of lords set aside that judgment, contending that it was “against the liberty of the subject and the law of the land and Magna Carta”. And in 1648, Lilburne was granted damages for his imprisonment.
Lilburne was willing to testify on matters of which he was accused. His refusal related to questions “concerning other men, to ensnare me, and get further matter against me”. At that time, an accused had no immunity from testifying against himself at his own trial. Lilburne?s protest, therefore, was against being compelled to testify on matters not properly charged against him. In other words, he objected to furnishing evidence which could be used as the basis for future prosecutions against him.
Before the end of the seventeenth century, the immunity claimed by Lilburne had been broadly extended in England. It protected the person who was charged with a crime from testifying against himself at his own trial. It also protected any witness from testifying to anything that might possibly be incriminating in future proceedings. 11. This article ___________________.
A. describes the origin of a concept which is a part of our heritage. B. explains the reasons behind the loyalty oath.
C. opposes the law which requires a witness to tell the truth. D. explains why a man should be forced to testify against himself. 12. Lilburne refused to testify at his own trial because he _______________. A. was unwilling to testify on matters of which he was accused.
B. believed he would be forced to testify about crimes not charged against him. C. was really guilty.
D. was innocent of the charge.
13. The immunity from testifying against oneself ___________. A. did not become law until the Bill of Right was written. B. became law in the nineteenth century.
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C. was common in England before the end of the seventeenth century. D. is a universally accepted law.
14. As a result of Lilburne?s claim _______________. A. a man cannot testify in his own defense.
B. a man is protected from furnishing evidence against himself. C. a man is considered guilty until he is proven innocent. D. the accused cannot be tried twice for the same crime. 15. Which of the following is implied in the passage?
A. The oath which one takes to tell the truth was used against the accused with devastating
effect.
B. The Fifth Amendment is a hindrance to law enforcement. C. We owe some of our liberties to the courage of unknown men. D. Lilburne was guilty.
Passage Four:
To Pacific peoples the coconut palm is the Tree of life, and life itself often depends on its presence. This versatile and ubiquitous tree keeps to itself the mystery of its geographical origins. Scientists may have theories, but most Pacific islanders believe that the coconut palm is of supernatural origin. Stray palms on uninhabited islets or in remote island valleys may appear wild and neglected to strangers, but chances are that some local family is watching and using them.
On the other hand, the material culture of the islands is based on forest products in general, not just the coconut. Melanesian craftsmen fashion their goods from bark, fiber, wood, and other plant parts. Stone, shell, and bone are found in great variety, feathers and shell are seen as ornaments. But it is the plants which form structural materials of architecture and artifacts. Among Melanesia?s varied cultures, that of New Guinea?s Sepik River area is one of the richest
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in artifacts. An important source is the annual festival marking the harvest of yamcrop, a hill-country staple. Yams of special size and character represent the spirits of the dead, and the quality of a man?s yam crop is a measure of his prestige and virility. A man and his family may not eat their own produce but must give it to a family of a nonrelated clan. Each phase of the growing cycle of the yam is marked with ceremonies and festivities culminating in the great harvest festival when the village square is filled with piles of yams. Many of the finest specimens are adorned with painted masks, feather headdresses, and jewelry. Each man of the tribe, similarly adorned, extols the virtues of his yams in extravagant oratory, climaxing his presentation by producing the name of the family who is to receive his crop.
16. The passage suggests that the coconut palm is thought of by Pacific peoples as _________. A. a divine gift.
B. unique to their part of the world. C. the center of their harvest festivals. D. an essentially decorative tree.
17. Although the coconut palm grows wild on islands, the Pacific peoples rarely permit _______. A. strangers to harvest the fruit.
B. even an isolated tree to go unharvested. C. young trees to remain in inaccessible locations. D. isolated trees to grow to full maturity.
18. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Sepik River culture?
A. It stresses the hostility of the natural world.
B. It is markedly different from other Melanesian cultures. C. It stresses the kinship of human and plant life. D. It is organized into clans that are mutually suspicious.
19. The passage indicates that the annual yam festival takes place ____________.
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A. throughout Melanesia.
B. among those tribes that harvest no coconuts. C. among upland tribes of the River area. D. among all tribes living on New Guinea.
20. We learn from the passage that a man from the Sepik River area culture will try to grow
superior yams principally in order to ____________. A. show that he works harder than others. B. honor the spirits of the dead.
C. provide his family with nourishing food. D. demonstrate his own power and importance.
Passage Five:
When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vince, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, i.e., great artists, inventors and scientists------a select and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregards the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face------the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing inventions and products.
Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then originating or inventing a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves drawing new analogies, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able to sort out and combine, in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventional ideas and will be less interested in facts than
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