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● In those days they could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。 ● I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. ● He hurt his leg yesterday. That?s why he didn?t come.
③this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。 ● You have changed that much. ?.such和same的用法。
①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语或定语。 ● Such was the story.
● We have never seen such a tall building.
②same指“同样的”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. ● The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)
● Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语) 六.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose) ?.疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 who was her husband? (主语) What do you want? (作宾语) ?.which与who、what
which表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。 ● I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? ?.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。 Population… ? 人口是多少?
Distance…? 距离是多少?
What?s the Price…? 价格是多少? Address…? 住在哪里? Attitude…? 态度怎样?
七 .不定代词
不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every、no只能作定语。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。 ?.some与any
一般用法:some、any可与可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句。
● He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)
● Some like sports,while others like music.(主语) ● Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) ● I don?t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法:
①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。 ● Any child can do that.(定语)
● You may take any of them.(宾语)
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②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。 ● Smith went to some place in England.(定语)
③在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 ● Would you like some bananas?(邀请) ● Mum,could you give me some money?(请求) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。
● I don?t know some of the students.(宾语)
some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any可修饰比较级,常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如: ● There are some 300 workers on strike. ● Do you feel any better today? ?.one,both,all
①one作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one?s,反身代词是oneself.
● One should try one?s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) ● This is not the one I want.(表语)
②both用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。 ● This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) ● Both of the boys are here.(主语) ● We both are students.(同位语) 注意:
a.both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。
● Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。
b.both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall.
③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与名词复数连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。
● All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 ● I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。 ● That?s all for today.今天就在这儿。
● They have all been to Xi?an.他们都去过西安。
注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:
● Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don?t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 ● None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。 ?.none和nothing,no one
no one单独使用,只指人,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答who的提问; Nothing单独使用,用于指物,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答what的提问;
None强调数量,既可以指人又可以指物,有限定的范围,能与of连用,常用来回答how much、how many的提问。当上下文中含有“many,much,some,any”等表数量概念的词时常用none。 ● None of us will belive in such a person.我们没有人会相信这样一个人。
● He has many friends,but none can really help him when he is in trouble.他有很多朋友,但是当他处于困境中的时候,没有一个朋友能真正帮助他。
● ---Who told you the news?谁告诉你这消息的?
---No one.I read it on the newspaper.没有人告诉我。我在报纸上读的。
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?.each和every
each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。另外,every可用于[ every other (或every +数词 ) + 名词 ]的结构中,表示\每隔……\之意思: every other day 每隔一天 every three years 每隔三年 every third year 每隔三年 every other line 每隔一行 every ten miles每隔十哩
● Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”) ● Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体) ● Each of them has been there.(主语)
● The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) ● We each got a ticket.(同位语) ?.either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如: ● Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) ● Neither boy knows French.(定语)
● The little girl can write with either hand. 小姑娘哪只手写字都行。(作定语) ● ——Would you prefer tea or coffee,sir? 先生,你喝茶还是咖啡?
● ——Oh,I don?t mind. Either will do. 噢,无所谓。随便哪一种都行。(作主语)
● You can come on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK for me. 你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。对我来说哪一天都可以。(作定语) 注意:
①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesn?like tea, and I don?t either.
②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。He can?t do it, neither can I.
④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student. ?.other和another, the others 和others
the other单独使用,表示“两者中的另一个”;也可用于“the other + 复数可数名词”的结构中,表特指,意为“其余(他)的……”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”表泛指,意为“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如: ● He got two books; one is a textbook, the other is a novel.
● Five of the pencils are red, and the others(the other pens)are yellow. ● Some are singing, while others are dancing.
another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。
● This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语) ● Please give me another book.(定语) 注意:
another可跟基数词+复数名词,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes.
one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上单数的排列。
some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。
替代词的用法
代词it与替代词one,ones,the ones,that,those的用法区别: ?.it指代前面提到过的同一事物。
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?.one替代单数名词,表示同类异物,泛指;其复数形式为ones。
?.the one替代前面的单数名词,表示特指,等于不定冠词+名词。其后往往带定语;the ones为其复数形式。
?.that既可以替代单数可数名词,也可以替代不可数名词,也指代同类异物,但表特指,等于限定词+名词。若替代单数可数名词时,相当于the one,其后往往带后置定语。 ?.those替代复数名词,相当于the ones。 ● Your story is interesting ,but I don?t like it.
●I haven?t got a computer. I want to buy one next year. ●The population in China is much larger than that in Japan. ●The conditions are like those in the real spaceship.
●There is only one watch of this type in the shop. so I want to buy it for her.
it用法
一、it 作人称代词的用法 ?. 指事物
作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如: ● I dropped my watch and it broke. ● It?s hard work, but I enjoy it.
● “Where is the dog?” “It?s in the bedroom.. ” ?. 指人
it 指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如: ● Is it a boy or a girl?
● There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说 It?s me。 ?. 代替某些代词
代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如: ● “What?s this?” “It?s a new machine. ” ● Nothing is wrong, is it?
二、it 作非人称代词的用法 ?. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如: ● It?s too late to go there now. ● It rained all day yesterday. ● It can get very hot here. ?. 用于某些句型
● It?s time for sth. 该做某事了。
● It?s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。 ● It?s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
● It?s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”) ● It was (about / high) time + that-从句.(从句谓语动词用过去完成式)
● It?s the first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时) ● It was the first (second) time + that-从句.(从句谓语用现在完成时) It?s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。 It?s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才…… 三、it用作形式主语 ?. 基本用法
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当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
● It?s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。 ● It?s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
● It?s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。 ?. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
① It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
● It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
● It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢了。 【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是:of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等,介词for表示对象,意为“对……来说”
②.It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
● It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。 ③.It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
④.it looks(seems, appears, happens, occurs) that [as if]… 似乎…… ⑤.If it were not for… / If it hadn?t been for… 若不是因为……
● If it were not for their help, we couldn?t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助,这些困难我们不克服不了的。
四、it用作形式宾语 ?.基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。这类动词如:Find ,think ,feel, imagine, believe, consider如:
● I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。 ?. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构 ①.动词+ it + that-从句。如:
● You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
● Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。 【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。 ②.动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如:
● I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
● We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
● I?d prefer it if I didn?t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。 ③.动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如:
● See to it that you?re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。 ④.动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如:
● I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
● I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb?s attention, owe it to sb 等。
四、数词
3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
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