新视野(第二版)第三册1-6单元原文+翻译(排版清爽)(2)

\选择那些标有'加铁'字样的面包和麦片，\运动营养专家南希·克拉克写道，\这些增加的铁补充了谷物中自然含铁量的不足。摄取含有大量维生素C的食物——比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁，或在三明治内夹上番茄——可以促进铁的吸收。\克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食，因为烹调过程中食物能从铁锅中吸收铁质。她写道，\在铁锅内烹煮了三个小时的番茄汁，其铁含量大大提高，增加到原来的30倍左右。\她说，铁含量可能低的人，吃饭时应避免喝咖啡或饮茶，因为这些饮料中所含的物质会妨碍身体对铁质的吸收。 \运动女性应特别注意选择饮食。\珀杜的莱尔总结说，\如果你在铁储量流失之前就注意到了警告信号，你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的不足。\

Unit 3

Unit 3 Section A

Where Principles Come First

The Hyde School operates on the principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows. Hyde School founder Joseph Gauld claims success with the program at the $18,000-a-year high school in Bath, Maine, which has received considerable publicity for its work with troubled youngsters.

\see ourselves as a school for a type of kid,\who graduated from Hyde and is now headmaster. \way of life — by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all kids.\

Now, Joe Gauld is trying to spread his controversial Character First idea to public, inner-city schools willing to use the tax dollars spent on the traditional program for the new approach. The first Hyde public school program opened in September 1992. Within months the program was suspended. Teachers protested the program's demands and the strain associated with more intense work.

This fall, the Hyde Foundation is scheduled to begin a preliminary public school program in Baltimore. Teachers will be trained to later work throughout the entire Baltimore system. Other US school managers are eyeing the program, too. Last fall, the Hyde Foundation opened a magnet program within a public high school in the suburbs of New Haven, Connecticut, over parents' protests. The community feared the school would attract inner-city minority and troubled students.

As in Maine, the quest for truth is also widespread at the school in Connecticut. In one English class, the 11 students spend the last five minutes in an energetic exchange evaluating their class performance for the day on a 1-10 scale.

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Explaining his approach to education, Joe Gauld says the conventional education system cannot be reformed. He notes \amount of change\with the horse and carriage \produce an automobile\The Hyde School assumes \human being has a unique potential\

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valued. Success is measured by growth, not academic achievement. Students are required to take responsibility for each other. To avoid the controversy of other character programs used in US schools, Gauld says the concept of doing your best has nothing to do with forcing the students to accept a particular set of morals or religious values.

The Hyde curriculum is similar to conventional schools that provide preparation for college, complete with English, history, math and science. But all students are required to take performing arts and sports, and provide a community service. For each course, students get a grade for academic achievement and for \attend four-year colleges.

Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture. For the student to gain admission, parents also must agree to accept and demonstrate the school's philosophies and outlook. The parents agree in writing to meet monthly in one of 20 regional groups, go to a yearly three-day regional retreat, and spend at least three times a year in workshops, discussion groups and seminars at Bath. Parents of Maine students have an attendance rate of 95% in the many sessions. Joe and Malcolm Gauld both say children tend to do their utmost when they see their parents making similar efforts. The biggest obstacle for many parents, they say, is to realize their own weaknesses.

The process for public school parents is still being worked out, with a lot more difficulty because it is difficult to convince parents that it is worthwhile for them to participate. Of the 100 students enrolled in New Haven, about 30% of the parents attend special meetings. The low attendance is in spite of commitments they made at the outset of the program when Hyde officials interviewed 300 families.

Once the problems are worked out, Hyde should work well in public schools, says a teacher at Bath who taught for 14 years in public schools. He is optimistic that once parents make a commitment to the program, they will be daily role models for their children, unlike parents whose children are in boarding schools.

One former inner-city high school teacher who now works in the New Haven program, says teachers also benefit. \we really begin to focus on having a fruitful relationship with each student. Our focus is really about teacher to student and then we together deal with the…academics. In the traditional high school setting, it's teacher to the material and then to the student.\The teacher-student relationship is taken even further at Hyde. Faculty evaluations are conducted by the students.

Jimmy DiBattista, 19, is amazed he will graduate this May from the Bath campus and plans to attend a university. Years ago, he had seen his future as \remembers his first days at Hyde.

\we don't want to deal with you. 'I came here and they said, 'We kind of like that spirit. We don't like it with the negative attitudes. We want to turn that spirit positive.'\

品德至上

海德中学的办学宗旨是：如果你向学生传授诸如诚实、勇敢、正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话，学生的学习成绩自然就会提高。该校的创始人约瑟夫·高尔德声称学校的教学计划很成功。海德中学坐落在缅因州巴思市，每年的学费高达1.8万美元，因其教导问题少年有方而遐迩闻名。

\我们并不把自己看作一所专为某一类孩子而开设的学校，\马尔科姆·高尔德说。

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他是约瑟夫的儿子，毕业于海德中学，现任海德中学校长。\我们把帮助孩子培养一种生活方式看作自己的职责，办法是倡导一整套能影响所有孩子的价值观念。

现在，乔·高尔德(约瑟夫·高尔德)正试图将他尚有争议的\品德第一\的理念向市中心贫民区的公立学校推广。这些学校愿将用于传统教学计划的税金用于实施这一新的教学方法。教师们对教学计划的过高要求以及高强度工作所带来的压力表示抗议。

今年秋天，海德基金会计划在巴尔的摩启动公立学校预备教学计划。教师要接受培训，以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体系内胜任工作。美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划。去年秋天，在家长的一片抗议声中，海德基金会在康涅狄格州纽黑文市郊区的一所中学内启动了一个引人注目的教学计划。当地居民担心该校可能招进来市中心贫民区的少数民族学生和问题学生。

就像在缅因州那样，求真也在康涅狄格州的这所中学得到广泛推崇。在一堂英语课上，11名学生用最后的五分钟展开激烈的讨论，依照1-10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。

\我得10分。\

\那好，就7分吧。\\你只能得6分。\

\是的，可你今天没提问。\

\我有意见，你没做语法作业，也没有做拼写练习。\\等等，我可是全力以赴的。\

在解释自己的教育方法时，乔·高尔德指出，传统的教育体制不能只是改革。他说\无论怎样改革\，马和马车\都改革不出汽车\。海德中学认为\每一个人都有自己的独特潜能\，这种潜能的基础是品格而不是智力或财富。良知和苦干受到推崇。成功是由成长来衡量，而不是由学习成绩来评定。学生必须相互负责。为了避免美国中学使用的其他品格培养方案所引发的争议，高尔德解释说，\全力以赴\这一概念并不是要强迫学生接受某一套道德原则或宗教观念。

海德中学的课程与那些开设大学预科课程的常规学校相似，设置完整，包括英语、历史、数学和自然科学。但所有的学生都必须修习表演艺术和体育，还要提供社区服务。在每门课程中，学生都会得到一个综合了学习成绩和\努力程度\的分数。 在巴思市，97%的海德中学毕业生都升入了本科。

在海德中学的综合教育中，父母的参与是一个关键的组成部分。为了使孩子被该校录取，家长也必须同意接受并实践学校的思想和观点。家长签约同意每月出席一次区小组会议（共20个区小组），每年去区休养所三天，每年至少参加三次巴思市的研修班、讨论组和研讨会。在很多活动中，缅因州学生家长的出席率高达95%。乔和马尔科姆都说，当孩子们见到自己的父母都在全力以赴时，他们也会竭尽全力。他们说，对许多家长而言，最困难的是让他们意识到自己的不足。

公立学校学生家长的活动计划仍在制定之中。这项工作的困难要大得多，因为很难使家长相信自身的参与很有价值。在纽黑文市录取的100名学生中，有30%左右的家长出席了各类特别会议。这一低出席率违背了他们在教学计划开始实施时所做的承诺，当时海德中学的官员曾与300个家庭进行了面谈。

巴思市一名在公立学校教书达14年之久的教师说，一旦问题得到解决，海德教学计划就会在公立学校中获得成功。他很乐观地相信，一旦家长们投入到计划当中，他们就会成为孩子们日常行为的榜样，这一点与寄宿学校的学生家长完全不同。

一名曾任教于市中心贫民区学校的教师如今在实践纽黑文教学计划。他说，教师也能从中受益。\在这里，我们真正开始集中精力与每一个学生建立卓有成效的关系。我

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们的重点真的是先考虑师生关系，然后是师生共同研讨??学业。而在传统的中学里，是先考虑教师和教材的关系，然后再考虑师生关系。\师生关系在海德中学被进一步深化了。 对教职员工的评估也由学生来进行。

19岁的吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔今年5月将从巴思校区毕业，并准备升入大学。对此他感到惊奇。几年前，他还觉得自己的前途\是在监狱，而不是在大学\。迪巴蒂斯塔还记得他刚到海德中学时的情景。

\我来这儿时，见人就侮辱，就咒骂。 其他每所学校都会说：'滚出去！我们这儿不要你。'我来到这儿，他们却说： '我们有几分喜欢这种活力，但并不喜欢它消极的一面，而是要将它转化成积极的一面。'\

Unit 4

Unit 4 Section A

Five Famous Symbols of American Culture

The Statue of Liberty

In the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the World, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance. At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approve of her son's affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876.

That same year Bartholdi bad assembled the statue's right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia. It is said that he had used his wife's arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue. He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother.

The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on an island in Upper New York Bay in 1886. It had his mother’s face and his wife’s body, but Bartholdi called it “my daughter, Liberty”.

Barbie

Before all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara.

Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of the Mattel Toy Company. Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls. The three-dimensional model for Barbie was a German doll—a joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of \doll into a decent, all-American—although with an exaggerated breast size—version and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager.

Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls and two are sold somewhere in the world every second.

Now more than sixty years old, Barbara—who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll—may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet.

Barbie's boyfriend, ken, was introduced in 1961 and named after Barbara's brother. The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. \want my children to play with it,\

American Gothic

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Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse. He was strongly influenced by medieval artists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the world's attention.

Wood liked to paint faces he knew well. For the grave farmer he used his dentist, a sour-looking man. For the woman standing alongside him, the artist chose his sister, Nan. He stretched the models' necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait.

Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life.

The Buffalo Nickel

Today, American coins honor prominent figures of the US government—mostly famous former presidents. But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier—the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.

While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artist James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation.

For the buffalo on the other side, since buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands, Fraser was forced to sketch an aging buffalo from New York City's Central Park Zoo. Two years later, in 1915, this animal was sold for $100 and killed for meat, a hide, and a wall decoration made from its horns.

Uncle Sam

Fourteen-year-old Sam Wilson ran away from home to join his father and older brothers in the fight to liberate the American colonies from the British during the American Revolution. At age 23, he started a meat-packing business and earned a reputation for being honest and hard working.

During a later war in 1812, Wilson gained a position inspecting meat for US Army forces, working with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the army. Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped \US”, identifying the company (EA) and country of origin (US). According to one story, when a government official visited the plant and asked about the letters, a creative employee told him \Sam\

After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, his form evolving from an earlier cartoon character called Brother Jonathan that was popular during the American Revolution. Uncle Sam soon replaced Brother Jonathan as American's most popular symbol. The most enduring portrait of Uncle Sam was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in his famous army recruiting posters of World Wars I and II. That version—a tall man with white hair and a small white beard on his chin, a dark blue boat and a tall hat with stars on it—was a self-portrait of Flagg.

美国文化的五大象征

自由女神像

19世纪70年代中期，法国艺术家弗里德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪正在设计一个大项目，名为“自由照耀世界”。这是一座庆祝美国独立和美法联盟的纪念碑。与此同

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