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notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on the ANSWER SHEET after the mini-lecture. ANSWER SHEET SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING (-20 MIN. J Fill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. DIET IN THE LAND OF PLENTY

A major nutritional (1) ______ in the United States is being Overweight. (1)______ There is now an abundant supply of food while at the same time we tend to do less (2)______activity. (2)______

We fully renli7e the (3)______of being seriously overweight, and we also ?(3)______ have a strong desire to be (4) ______ in order to look attractive. As a result, (4)______ many people in America try to lose weight by (5)______ A Gallup Poll in (5)______ the year (6)______revealed that 46% of the Americans felt that they were (6)______ overweight.

Hearings held at about that time by (7)______George McGovern disclosed (7)______ TEM8-94-2

that there was a (8)______ billion dollar diet industry in the U. S. (8)______ Today at least 40% of adults in the United States are (9)______ their ideal (9)______ weight. (10)______can be dangerous to your health. Over weight persons (10)______ have a greater chance of dying from (11) ______disease and strokes. (11)______

In order to control their weight, Americans are(12). ______ tricked into (12)______ trying faddish diets. Almost every magazine on the (13)______ or in the (13)______ supermarket features a diet that promises instant and painless (14) ______ (14)______

Eachof these diets has its own magic (15) ______ ; a pill that will help you break (15)______ bad eating habits; a chemical(16)______that will take place between the special (16)______ foods (17)______and will then turn off fat. (17)______

Since there are new diets (18) ______, it is clear that none of them contains the (18)______ right answer. In that case, what should an overweight person do? The

answer is very simple.Weight can be best controlled by eating sensibly, (19) ______ (19)______ moderately, and doing both of these for a (20) ______ (20)______ PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS)

The following passage contains 17 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error: In each case, only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.

For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a \blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash \line. EXAMPLE

When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an It never ╱ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum

wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit

In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy

business executives are so engrossing in their work (1) that they incapably know what the word leisure means. (2) The higher an executive' s position is on the business ladder, (3) the more hours he spends on his work, with a view in (4) gaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, (5) he, as a rule, for exceeds over the 40-hour working week (6) . The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage (7) of suitable rest and recreation very often has a disastrous(8) affect on his health. Few such executives realize that(9) unless they learn how to relax, they will soon (10) run of stream before they get to the top (11)

of executive ladder. A noted American authority (12) at leisure has said that \(13) executives is to prevent the types of activities that (14)._ are part or parcel of their daily work and to devote (15) themselves totally to have recreational pursuits for at least (16) a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. (17)

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Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can

engage in activities that are not quiet and peaceful?far from (19) the madding crowd, far from client and business associates. (20) PART DI READING COMPREHENSION ?(40 MIN.) SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )

In this section there are five reading passages followed by twenty multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers in your ANSWER SHEET. TEXT A

Panic and Its Effects

One afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen, Anne Peters, a 32-year old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by the shortness of breath. Terrified by the thought she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. Her frightened husband immediately rushed Ann to a nearby hospital where, to her great relief, her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic, and not a heart attack.

More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne Peters. Benjamin Crocker, a psychiatrist and assistant director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the University of Southern California, reveals that as many as ten million adult Americans have already or will experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime. Moreover, studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States disclose that approximately 1.2 million adult individuals are currently suffering from severe and recurrent panic attack.

These attacks are spontaneous and inexplicable and may last for a few minutes; some, however, continue for several hours, not only frightening the victim but also making him or her wholly disoriented. The symptoms of panic attack bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attack that many victims are convinced that they are indeed having a heart attack.

Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness; experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, tingling in the hands; a choking feeling, faintness, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.

There has been a lot of conjecture as to the cause of panic attack. Both laymen and experts alike claim that psycho,

logical stress could be a logical cause, but as yet, no evidence has been found to support this theory. However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attack and people who drink a lot as well as those who take marijuana or beverages containing a lot of caffeine are more prone to attacks. Dr. Wayne Keaton, an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Washington Medical School, claims that

there are at least three signs that indicate a person is suffering from panic attack rather than a heart attack. The first is age. People between the ages of 20 and 30 are more often victims of panic attack. The second is sex. More women suffer from recurrent panic attacks than men, while heart attack rarely strikes women before their menopause. The third is the multiplicity of symptoms. A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previous mentioned symptoms while a heart attack victim often experience only pain and shortness of breath.

It is generally concluded that panic attack does not endanger a person' s life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person' s life by making him or her so afraid that he or she will have a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crocker' s advice to any person who thinks he is suffering from panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical check-up to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.

16. According to the passage, panic attack is [A] both frightening and fatal. [B] actually a form of heart attack.

[C] more common among women than men. [D] likely to last several hours. 17. One factor both panic and heart attacks have in common is [A] a feeling of faintness. [B] uncontrollable movements. [C] a horror of going mad. [D] difficulty in breathing. 18. It is indicated in the last paragraph that panic attack may [A] make a victim reluctant to leave home any more. - [B] threaten a victim' s physical well-being.

[C] cause serious social problems for the victim' s family. [D] prevent a victim from enjoying sport anymore. 19. Dr. Crocker suggests that for panic attack sufferers [A] physical fitness is not so crucial.

[B] a medical checkup is needed to confirm the illness. [C] psychological and medical help is necessary. [D] nutritional advice is essential to cure the disease. TEXT B

How the Smallpox War Was Won

The world' s last known case of smallpox was reported in Somalia, the horn of Africa, in October 1977. The victim was a young cook called Ali Maow Maalin. His case became a landmark in medical history, for smallpox is the first communicable disease ever to be eradicated.

The smallpox campaign to free the world of smallpox has been led by the World Health Organization. The Horn of Africa, embracing the Ogaden region of Ethiopia and Somalia, was one of the last few smallpox ridden areas of the world when the WHO-sponsored Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP) got underway there in 1971.

Many of the 25 million inhabitants, mostly farmers and nomads living in a wildness of desert, bush and mountains, already have smallpox. The problem of tracing the disease in such formidable country was exacerbated by continuous warfare in the area.

The program concentrated on an imaginative policy of \but the success of the campaign depended on the work of volunteers. There were men, paid by the day, who walked hundreds of miles in search of \

Often these rumors turned out to be cases of measles, chick pox or syphilis ?but nothing could be left to change.

the program progressed the disease was gradually brought under control. By September 1976 the SEP made its first that no new cases had been reported. But that first optimism was short-lived. A three:year-old girl called Amina Salat, from a dusty village in the Ogaden in the south-east of Ethiopia, had given

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smallpox to a young nomad visitor. Leaving the village the nomad had walked across the border into Somalia. There he infected 3,000 people, and among them had been the cook, Ali. It was further 14 months before the elusive \

Even now, the search continues in \trickle ?but each must still be checked by a qualified person.

Victory is in sight, but two years must pass since the \20. All Maow Maalin' s case is significant because he was the [A] last person to be cured of smallpox in Somalia. [B] last known sufferer of smallpox in the world. [C] first smallpox victim in the Horn of Africa. [D] first Somalian to be vaccinated for smallpox.

21. The work to stamp out smallpox was made more difficult by [A] people' s unwillingness to report cases. [B] the lack of vaccine. [C] the backwardness of the region. [D] the incessant local wars. 22. The volunteers mentioned were paid to

[A] find out about the reported cases of smallpox. [B] vaccinate people in remote areas. [C] teach people how to treat smallpox.

[D] prevent infected people from moving around.

23. Nowadays, smallpox investigations are only.carried out [A] at regular two-yearly intervals. [B] when news of an outbreak occurs.

[C] in those areas with previous history of the disease. [D] by a trained professional. TEXT C

The Form Master' s observations about punishment were by no means without their warrant at St. James' s school. Flogging with the birch in accordance with the Eton fashion was a great feature in its curriculum. But I am sure no Eton boy, and certainly no Harrow boy of my day, ever received such a cruel flogging as this headmaster was accustomed to inflict upon the little boys who were in his care and power. They exceeded in severity anything that would be tolerated in any of the Reformatories under the Home Office. My reading in later life has supplied me with some possible explanations of his temperament. Two or three times a month the whole school was marshalled in the Library, and one or more delinquents were hauled off to an adjoining apartment by the two head boys, and there flogged until they bled freely, while the rest sat quaking, listening to their screams...

How I hated this school, and what a life of anxiety Hived there for more than two years. I made very little progress at my lessons, and none at all games. I counted the days and the hours to the end of every term, when I should return home from this hateful servitude and range my soldiers in line of battle on the nursery floor. The greatest pleasure I had in those days was reading. When I was nine and a half my father gave me Treasure Island and I remember the delight with which I devoured it. My teacher saw me at once backward and precocious, reading books beyond my years and yet at the bottom of the form. They were offended. They had large resources of compulsion at their disposal, but I was stubborn. Where my

reason, imagination or interest were not engaged, I would not or I could not learn. In all the twelve'years I was at school no one ever succeeded in making me write a Latin verse or learn any Greek except the alphabet. I do not at all excuse myself for this foolish neglect of opportunities procured at so much expense by my parents and brought so forcibly to my attention by my preceptors. Perhaps if I had been introduced to the ancients through their history and customs, instead of through their grammar and syntax, I might have had abetter record.

24. Which of the following statements about flogging at St. James' s school is NOT correct? [A] Corporal punishment was accepted in the school: [B] Flogging was part of the routine in the school.

[C] Flogging was more severe in schools for juvenile delinquents. [D] The Headmaster' s motive for flogging was then rather obscure. 25. When he was back at home, the author enjoyed [A] playing war games. [B] dressing up like a soldier. [C] reading war stories. [D] talking to soldiers.

26. \[A] had tried to suspend him from school several times. [B] had physically punished him quite a lot. [C] had imposed upon him many of their ideas.

[D] had tried to force him to learn in many different ways. 27. The author failed to learn Greek because -

[A] he lacked sufficient intelligence. [B] he could not master the writing system. [C] of his parents' attitude to the subject. [D] the wrong teaching approach was used. TEXT D

I HAVE A DREAM ----30 Years Ago and Now

Few issues are as clear as the one that drew a quarter-million Americans to the Lincoln Memorial 30 years ago this August 28. \people a bad check\as eloquently as Martin Luther King Jr. whose words on that sweltering day remain etched in the public consciousness: \children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.\

The march on Washington had been the dream of a black labor leader. A. Philip Randolph who was a potent figure in the civil-rights movement. But it was King who emerged as the symbol of the black people' s struggle. His \sold, bootlegged and resold within weeks of its delivery. The magic of the moment was that it gave white America a new prospective on black America and pushed civil rights forward on the nation' s agenda.

When the march was planned by a coalition of civil rights, union and church leaders, nothing quite like it had ever been seen. Tens of thousands of blacks streamed into the nation' s capital by car, bus, train and foot, an invading army of the disenfranchised singing freedom songs and demanding rights. By their

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very members, they forced the world' s greatest democracy to face an embarrassing question: How could America continue on a course that denied so many the simple amenities of a water fountain or a lunch counter? Or the most essential element ?of democracy the vote?

Three decades later, we still wrestle with questions of black and white, but now they are confused by shades of gray. The gap persists between the quality of black life and white. The urban underclass has grown more entrenched. Bias remains. And the nation is jarred from time to time by sensational cases stemming from racial hate. But the clarity of the 1963 issue is gone. No longer do governors stand in schoolhouse doors. Nor do signs bar blacks from restaurants or theaters; It is illegal to deny African-Americans the vote. There are 7,500 black elected officials, including 338 mayors and 40 members of Congress, plus a large black middle class. And we are past the point when white American must look to one eloquent leader to answer the question \does the Negro want ?\

The change is reflected in the variety of causes on the wish list of this year' s anniversary march on Washington. Health care reform. Job training. Religious freedom for American Indians. Statehood for the District of Columbia. Head Start for young people. Security for the disabled. And an end to racism. The compelling issue of 1963 ?discrimination ?today is more a matter of dark hearts than evil laws. And the legislative agenda of modern?day marchers is American, not black.

28. According to the passage, the recording of King' s speech became a best-seller largely because [A] the march was a dream of the black people in U. S.. [B] it presented a new way of looking at Afro ?Americans. [C] tens of thousands of people listened to the speech. [D] the speech was basically dressed to the black people.

29. From the passage we learn that the original march on Washington [A] highlighted the hypocrisy of America' s democratic system. [B] was made up of one particular segment of black society. [C] reflected previous demonstrations. [D] was also attended by white people.

30. \[A] the questions now concern American Indians. [B] racial hate in the U.S. is diminishing.

[C] the future is promising for the issue of human rights. [D] the clarity between the black and white is gone. 31. It is implied at the end of the passage that [A] color discrimination is no longer a problem.

[B] existing laws against racial discrimination need amending. [C] present-day causes of protest are more diversified than before. [D] all black Americans have become better off. TEXT E

Bandwagon

Ever hear of the small, rat條ike animal called the lemming? Lemmings are arctic rodents with a very odd habit: periodically, for reasons no one entirely knows, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, \are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to \the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.

Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular?because \appeals to the strong desire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal (\the Pepsi people\more citizens are rallying to my cause every day,\

One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends which capture the interest (and the money) of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the fifties every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans. More recently, what made millions of people rush out to buy their very own \

The problem here is obvious, just because everyone' s doing it doesn' t mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing. Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and catastrophically repressive rule in two of the most sophisticated and cultured countries of Europe. When they came into power they were welled up by massive popular 'support from millions of people who didn' t want to be \

Once the mass begins to move ?on the bandwagon ?it becomes harder and harder to perceive the leader riding the bandwagon. So don' t be a lemming, rushing blindly on to destruction because \this what is best for me?...\

As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But there' s a third was that propaganda can be put to work against us ?by the use of faulty logic. This approach is really more subtle, than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in the logic fibre show up. 32. The writer cites the mass suicide of lemmings in order to [A] raise public awareness. [B] support his point of view. [C] justify bandwagon appeal. [D] discredit their habit. 33. In the passage, bandwagon appeal refers to [A] a mass consensus among young people. [B] a universal way of thinking.

[C] the pursuit of a moral code of behavior.

[D] the desire to support a popular course of action.

34. Which of the following is NOT given by the writer to show bandwagon appeal at work? [A] Fighting for America. [B] Advertising.

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[C] Political campaigning. [D] Following fashion.

35. In the writer' s opinion, propaganda can cause more harm by [A] arousing our emotions. [B] distracting our attention. [C] using false reasoning. [D] presenting popular issues. SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN. )

In this section, there are seven passages followed by ten multiple!' choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers in your ANSWER BOOKLET TEXT F

First read the following question. 36. In the passage, the writer [A] elaborates on the three arguments. [B] develops the three arguments. [C] opposes the three arguments.

[D] modifies the three arguments. Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 36.

BRAINS VERSUS COMPUTERS

In science fictions there is to be found the recurrent theme of omniscient computer which ultimately takes over the

arings of human life and affairs. Is this possible? I believe it is not; but I also believe that the arguments commonly idvanced to refute this possibility are the wrong ones. First, it is often said that computers \do I detect the process of thinking? I present \computer scans its data with a photoelectric organ we call a \can be demonstrated on the monitor-tube of a computer or on the corresponding device ?an electroencephalogram ?for the student. Lastly, information based on the data is transcribed by means of a mechanical organ called a \man and machine differ only in the appliances they use.

Secondly, it is said that computers \that I was born with an innate ability to solve equations or to identify common members of the British flora; I, too, had to be programmed for these activities, but I happened to call my programmers by different names, such as \

Lastly, we were told that computers, unlike human beings, cannot interpret their own results. But interpretation is always of one set of information in the light of another set of information; it consists simply of finding the joint pattern in two sets of data. The mathematics of doing this is cumbersome, but well known; the computer would be perfectly willing to do the job if asked. TEXT G

First read the following question. 37. The author of the article intends to

[A] complain about that the electricity bill is more than the New Yorkers can afford. [B] show that the federal government should grant favors to private companies.

[C] raise a protest with the government for ignoring Senator Boxer' s suggested solution.

[D] inform the public that the federal government is spending the taxpayers' money irrationally. Now go through TEXT G quickly and answer question 37.

In New York City, customers pay as much as 12 cents a kilowatt hour for their power. But some lucky Westerners can leave the lights on all night without worrying, since Uncle Sam is footing part of the bill. The government hydroelectric program, whose power comes from dams built with public money, is an example of irrationality in our federal government. We all pay, but only selected people benefit.

The Western Area Power Administration \states. Surprisingly, the taxpayer subsidy benefits profit-making utilities as well as municipalities. The result: private

companies pay only a small amount of money for federal electricity. \Western Power Administration via the Colorado River Commission,\pany, one of several utilities getting the cheap federal electricity. \costs us almost three cents to produce. \

including Las Vegas casinos. So the next time you go to Vegas and stroll the gaily lighted Strip, remember that you are about to lose twice. Once at the slots, and the second time when you realize it' s your electricity that' s helping light up the night. Ten years ago, the then ?Rep. Barbara Boxer suggested a solution: the government should auction off

taxpayeri' financed power at market rates. Now a Senator, Boxer should put on her gloves to fight for the idea again. The money could pay off some of the $10 billion in subsidized loans that the five federal power administrations still owe the U. S. Treasury ?and the U.S. taxpayer. TEXT H First read the following question.

38. One factor, repeatedly emphasized in the passage, is that the Cobuild Dictionary [A] is different from other dictionaries in many aspects. [B] shares many similarities with other dictionaries. [C] is suitable for advanced learners of English.

[D] is compiled with the help of the latest computer technology. Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer question 38. The Cobuild Dictionary

This dictionary is for people who want to use modern English. It offers more and more accurate information on the way modern English is used than any previous dictionary. It is a useful guide to writing and speaking English as well as an aid to reading and understanding.

This dictionary looks rather like most others if you don' t look so closely. Actually it is quite new and different. The techniques used to compile it are new and use advanced computer technology. For the user the kind of information is different, the quality of information is different, and the presentation of the information is different.

For the first time, a dictionary has been compiled by the thorough examination of a representative group of English texts, spoken and written, running to many millions of words. This means that in addition to all the tools of conventional dictionary makers ?wide reading and experience' of English, other dictionaries and of course eyes and ears ?this dictionary is based on hard, measurable evidence. No major uses are missed, and the number of times a use

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