新疆气候特点 英汉对照

第五章 气候

1.唐诗“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”（李白），“北风卷地白草折，胡天八月即飞雪”（岑参），说的是新疆之冷；“九月尚流汗，炎风吹沙埃”，“火山六月应更热，赤亭道口行人绝”（岑参），说的又是新疆之热，前者写天山之北，后者写天山之中的吐鲁番。此外，尚有许多古代诗文描写了新疆的奇寒酷暑、雪厚冰坚、风沙弥天等等气候景象，看来都有一定的真实性。

Chapter Five Climate

“It is still cold and snowing in May in the flowerless Tianshan Mountains” (Li Bai). “It snows as early as August in the north while the white grasses snap under the sweeping north wind” (Cen Shen). These poetic lines of the Tang Dynasty reveal the extreme cold of Xinjiang, i.e. north of the Tianshan Mountains. “People still sweat in September amidst hot wind that raises a cloud of sand and dust” (Cen Shen). “It must be hotter in June in the Flaming Mountains, hence no travelers around the Chiting Pass” (Cen Shen). These lines reflect the extreme heat in Xinjiang, i.e. Turpan in the Tianshan Mountains. In addition, many other poems and essays of ancient times depict such weather conditions as excessive cold and heat, thick snow and solid ice, as well as sandstorms which are realistic to some degree.

However, the ancients were not free of bias in their knowledge of the world and they also tended to exaggerate in their writing. Therefore, those inland people often shrink back at the sight of such descriptions. In fact, Xinjiang’s climate has both its bright and dark side like that of other regions and it also has many more advantages over that of inland areas. Consequently, it is quite necessary to give a scientific and overall introduction and analysis of Xinjiang climate.

2.但古人见闻均不免于偏颇，文墨复多夸张，因此，这类描绘常常使内地人对新疆望而却步。其实新疆气候也跟其他地区一样地瑕瑜互见，而且它还有更多的为内地所不及的长处。因此，科学地、全面地介绍、分析新疆的气候特点，是大有必要的。

3.新疆深居内陆，远离海洋，高山环列，使得湿润的海洋气流难以进入，形Xinjiang’s location in the depth of the continent, its long distance from the ocean, and the 成极端干燥的大陆性气候。新疆气候具有多种特点，明显的如晴天多，日照enclosing high mountains make it difficult for the moist marine air stream to enter, forming an

extremely arid continental climate. Among its many characteristics the most conspicuous are 强，少雨，干燥，冬寒夏热，昼夜温差大，以及风沙较多等等。

many sunny days, intense sunshine, insufficient rain, dryness, cold winter, hot summer, dramatic day-night temperature disparity, and frequent sandstorms. 4.新疆气候最显著的特点是“干”。因为干，空气湿度低，云雨少：经常是晴空万里，阳光灿烂；因为干，太阳供给地面的热量，几乎全部用来加热大地和空气，而地面土壤又很干燥，无法蒸发降温，所以夏季白天温度偏高，到了夜晚，由于戈壁缺少保持热量的能力，地面冷却散热的速度特别快，温度迅速下降，形成昼夜温差特别大；因为干，地面植被相对稀疏，一起风就

Dryness is most typical of Xinjiang’s climate. Because of this, the air is of a low humidity, hence few clouds, insufficient rain and brilliant sunshine for most of the time. Because of aridity, almost all the heat from the sun is used to heat up land and air while the soil is rather dry, unable to cool down through evaporation, hence fairly high temperatures during the day in summer. When night falls, as the Gobi desert is incapable of preserving heat, the land cools

尘土飞扬，尤其是戈壁滩上时时有风沙弥漫。

down rapidly and the temperature drops sharply, thus forming a great discrepancy between day and night temperatures. Because of dryness, the land is merely dotted with sparse vegetation. Once wind sweeps along dust and dirt is suspended in the air. In particular, the Gobi desert is often enveloped in flying sand and dirt.

This arid climate of Xinjiang also clearly manifests itself in the insufficient rainfall. The annual precipitation in most regions of Northern Xinjiang is only around 200 millimeters, less than half of that in North China. Southern Xinjiang receives an even less yearly rainfall below 100 millimeters, with less than 20 millimeters in the center of the Tarim Basin. In the Turpan Depression, there are merely 11 rainy days a year on average with an annual precipitation of only 12.6 millimeters. In general, each time the rain can only moisten the earth’s surface at most. As for the desert center, sometimes not a single raindrop falls throughout the year. However, there are also places in Xinjiang blessed with plenty of rain, mainly in the Tianshan and Altay Mountains. Thanks to the abundant snow in winter and spring and ample rain in summer and autumn, the air is relatively humid and the land is overgrown with vegetation. The Tianshan mountains receive an annual precipitation of about 500 millimeters, close to that of the North China Plain. Among them the Kunes forest zone enjoys 800 millimeters of rain a year, almost equivalent to that of the Huaihe River Valley. The plentiful and steady rainfall of these mountain regions around the year provides very favorable conditions for the agricultural irrigation of the hilly basins as well as the piedmont plains and oases.

The second trait of Xinjiang’s climate is cold winter and hot summer. In winter when the extremely cold air of Siberia accumulates to a certain extent, it will burst southward guided by the favorable high-altitude atmospheric circulation. Thus the extremely cold northwest wind surges forward like rising tides and wherever it arrives temperatures will drop abruptly. This is the cold wave (dubbed as cold current) that has a direct effect on Xinjiang’s climate. Every winter several cold waves are bound to cause a considerable drop of temperature while attacks from common cold air take place more frequently. It is because of this that relatively low

5.新疆这种干燥气候，还突出表现为降水偏少。北疆大部分地区的年降水量只有200毫米左右，大约为华北地区年降水量的一半弱。而南疆降水更少，年降水量不足100毫米。塔里木盆地内部尚不及20毫米。在吐鲁番盆地，平均每年只有11天下雨，年降水量只有12.6毫米，一般情况下，每次下雨充其量仅能把地表淋湿。至于沙漠腹地，甚至有时终年滴雨不下。

6.但是，新疆也有降水较多的地方，主要是天山山区和阿尔泰山区。这里冬春多雪，夏秋多雨，空气相对湿润，地面植被丰富。天山山区年降水量在500毫米左右，与华北平原相差无几。其中巩乃斯林区附近约达800毫米，几乎与淮河流域的年降水量相等。这些山区不仅降水丰沛，而且每年降水比较稳定，这给山间盆地和山前平原绿洲的农业灌溉用水提供了十分有利的条件。

7.新疆气候的第二个特点是冬冷夏热。冬季，由于西伯利亚空气十分寒冷，这种冷空气积累到一定程度，在有利的高空大气环流引导下，就会向南爆发，于是，强冷的西北风像潮水滚滚而来，所到之处气温急剧下降，这就是直接影响新疆气候的寒潮（俗称寒流）。每年冬季，新疆总有几次大幅度降温的寒潮出现。而遭到一般冷空气侵袭的时间就更多了。正因为如此，新疆各地尤其是北疆，冬季温度普遍偏低。

temperatures are commonly found in winter throughout Xinjiang, especially in Northern Xinjiang.

8.例如，拿纬度相近的乌鲁木齐和法国的马赛比较，马赛1月份平均气温为6oC-7oC，草木仍青，清水畅流；而乌鲁木齐，气温却降至-15℃度左右，遍地银装素裹，滴水成冰，一派北国冬景，乌鲁木齐最冷时达-20oC以上，历史上曾出现过- 41.5℃的极端最低气温。再往北，到了阿勒泰，冬季就更漫长，也更加寒冷。1960年2月21日，阿勒泰地区的富蕴县就出现过-51.5oC的低温，创全国最低气温纪录。这项纪录一直保持了9年之久，1969年2月13日，才为黑龙江省漠河镇的-52.3oC的低温所刷新。

For example, Urumqi and Marseille of France are similar in altitude. During January Marseille has an average temperature of 6 to 7 degrees centigrade with green tress and grass as well as running rivers while in Urumqi temperatures drop to about minus 15 degrees centigrade with snow and ice everywhere, forming a typical winter landscape of northern countries. The lowest temperature in Urumqi is minus 20 degrees Celsius or below and the historical record of its lowest temperature is minus 41.5 degrees Celsius. Going northward to the Altay region, one finds longer and colder winter. On February 21, 1960, Fuyun County of Altay Prefecture set a national record of lowest temperature at minus 51.5 degrees Celsius which had lasted for 9 years before it was broken by Mohe Town of Heilongjiang Province on February 13, 1969, at a lower temperature of minus 52.3 degrees Celsius.

High temperatures are found in most regions of Xinjiang in summer, especially in Southern Xinjiang. In particular, Turpan in the hottest month of July has an average temperature of 40 degrees Celsius and an extreme maximum temperature of 49.6 degrees Celsius, ranking first in China. If hot days are defined as those with a highest temperature over 35 degrees centigrade, Turpan claims 100 a year on average, also ranking first in China. Turpan apparently surpasses Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, which are dubbed as Three Major Stoves, in terms of summer temperatures. The former is arid with hot day but cool morning and night while the latter are humid and sweltering with very little day-night temperature disparity. Therefore, one feels better in summer around the Flaming Mountains than the Changjiang River. As for Northern Xinjiang, summer is always cool, hence the golden season for traveling in this summer resort of Xinjiang.

9.新疆的大部分地区夏季气温偏高，其最热程度，南疆又高于北疆。最突出的是吐鲁番，那里最热月(7月)的平均气温为40oC，极端最高气温曾达49.6℃，居全国之冠。如果把最高气温大于35℃的日子定为炎热日，那么吐鲁番一年之中的炎热日平均有100天之多，也是名列全国第一。显然，吐鲁番夏季气温比起号称三大火炉的重庆、武汉、南京还要高出一筹，但前者是干热，白天热，早晚凉；而后者是湿热闷热，昼夜温差小。所以暑天身居火焰山下，反而比在长江边好过一些。至于北疆各地，夏天都比较凉快。所以，此时是新疆旅游避暑的黄金时节。

10.新疆气候的又一特点是气温日较差大（每昼夜最高气温和最低气温之差，Another feature of Xinjiang’s climate is the great daily temperature range (the difference 称为气温日较差）。一般是白昼气温升高快，夜里气温下降大。许多地方最between highest and lowest temperature within 24 hours). Generally speaking, the temperature 大的气温日较差在20oC-25℃之间。在具有干旱沙漠气候特征的吐鲁番，年rises rapidly during the day but drops remarkably at night. The greatest daily temperature

平均气温日较差为14.8oC，最大气温日较差曾达50℃。塔克拉玛干沙漠南沿的若羌县，年平均气温日较差为16.2℃，最大气温日较差达27.8℃。一天之内好像经历了寒暑变化，白天只穿背心仍然挥汗，夜里盖上棉被方能安眠。这些现象在全国是罕见的。气温日较差大，有利于瓜果的碳水化合物的积累，所以新疆的甜瓜、西瓜、葡萄、杏、桃、梨等都特别甜美好吃。

range in many places is 20 to 25 degrees Celsius. In Turpan characterized by an arid desert climate, the daily temperature range around the year averages 14.8 degrees Celsius, with a maximum of 50 degrees centigrade. In Ruoqiang County on the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, the annual daily temperature range is 16.2 degrees Celsius, with a maximum of 27.8 degrees centigrade. People seem to experience both summer and winter within one day. They sweat under a sleeveless garment during the day but can’t sleep well without a cotton-wadded quilt at night, which is rarely seen in other parts of China. The great daily temperature range is favorable for the accumulation of carbohydrate so the melons, water melons, grapes, apricots, peaches, pears and other fruits in Xinjiang are especially sweet and palatable.

11.日照丰富也是新疆气候的一大特色。新疆全年日照时间为2550~3500小Abundant sunshine is also a major trait of Xinjiang’s climate. The sunshine time here adds up 时之间，在全国各省区中名居前列。日照丰富加强了植物的光合作用，对棉to 2550-3500 hours a year, ranking among the first in all the provinces and municipalities of

China. Plentiful sunshine enhances the photosynthesis of plants, which is beneficial to the 花等喜光农作物的生长、发育都有良好的作用。

growth of phototactic crops like cotton. 12.新疆不仅日照时数充足，而且地面接受到的太阳辐射总能量也较大，在全国中仅次于青藏高原而名列第二。据测算，整个新疆大地全年所获得的太阳辐射总能量，比1980年全世界发电机总容量还多100倍。但是新疆各地情况不一。总的说来，新疆年总辐射量从东南向西北随着纬度的增高而逐渐减少。年总辐射量最大的地方是哈密，最小的地方是北疆的乌苏、精河、克拉玛依一带，这与当地风沙的多少有关。在塔里木盆地西南角的和田一带，由于沙土飞扬、浮尘的时间长，太阳总辐射量也相对减少。

Apart from the long hours of sunshine, Xinjaing also receives a huge amount of solar energy, second only to the Qingzang Plateau within China. It is estimated that Xinjiang receives an annual ground solar radiation that is more than 100 times of the entire capacity of all the generators around the world in 1980. However, things vary from place to place throughout Xinjiang. On the whole, the annual radiation gradually decreases with the increase of latitude from the southeast to the northwest. The biggest annual radiation is found in Hami while the smallest is found in Wusu, Jinghe and Karamay in Northern Xinjiang, which is related to the local sand and wind movement. Hotan in the southwest corner of the Tarim Basin receives relatively less solar radiation because of the long duration of flying sand and suspended dust. The numerous mountain passes of Xinjiang are likely to cause gale when cold air currents attack, which is another feature of Xinjiang’s climate. Serious storms are found in all places of Xinjiang in spring. In the 30-li Wind Zone to the northwest of Turpan and the 100-li Wind

13.新疆由于山口、隘道众多，在冷空气入侵时容易出现大风，这也是新疆气候的一个特点。各地大风严重时间是在春季。沿兰新铁路的吐鲁番西北部的“三十里风区”、哈密十三间房一带的“百里风区”等地，全年八级以上

大风日数超过100天，曾经出现过飓风阻塞火车运行的事故。克拉玛依的全年大风日数也有75天之多。这么多的大风对铁路运输、石油生产都有妨碍。风多风大有其害，也有其利，如果把风能利用起来转换成热能、电能，就会造福于人类。

Zone around Shisanjianfang of Hami along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway, there are over 100 windy days of 8-scale and above around the year. Hurricane once brought running trains to a full stop. In Karamay there are also up to 75 windy days around the year. So many storms block railway transportation and hamper petroleum production. In spite of its great harm, it is also beneficial, for it can be transformed into thermal energy and electric power for the benefit of humans.

Based on the current standard of world technology, the seven wind zones of Xinjiang like the 30-li Wind Zone add up to a total exploitable power of 7.1 million kilowatt, which can be turned into electricity that is four times of Xinjiang’s total generated energy in 1978. Wind power is inexhaustible and environment-friendly, so it is worthy of exploitation and development. At present, the total installed capacity of Dabancheng Wind Power Station has reached nearly 80,000 kilowatt. Xinjiang is endowed with superior climate resources and there is undoubtedly a broad and beautiful prospect of exploiting its photo-thermal, solar and wind power.

14.按当前世界工艺技术水平，新疆“三十里风区”等7个大风区可以利用的总功率达710万千瓦，其发电量相当于1978年全疆发电量的4倍。风能的优点是取之不尽，不会造成环境污染，因此值得开发利用。目前，达坂城风力发电厂装机总容量已达到近8万千瓦。新疆的气候资源是得天独厚的，

光能、太阳能、风能利用的前景，无疑是广阔而美好的。

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