新加坡合同法(The Law of Contract)--最新中英文版(ACCA考生整理(3)

种情况下有权撤销合同（如有必要该人应得到法庭认可的代理人协助）。醉酒的人订立的合同已适用同样的原则。按照《货物买卖法》第3(2) 条，心智不健全的人或醉酒的人必须为生活必需品支付合理价格。

Corporations公司

8.6.5 Subject to any written law and to any limits contained in its constitution, a company has full capacity to undertake any business, do any act or enter into any transaction (s 23 - Companies Act, Cap 50, 1994 Rev Ed). Where there are restrictions placed on the capacity of a company and the company acts beyond its capacity, s 25 of the Companies Act validates such ultra vires transactions if they would otherwise be valid and binding. Contracts purportedly entered into by a company prior to its incorporation may be ratified and adopted by the company after its formation (s 41 - Companies Act).

只要不逾越任何成文法或其本身章程的规定，一家公司具有从事任何业务的全部能力，可以为任何行为和进行任何交易（见《公司法》(Cap 50, 1994修订）第23条）。即算对公司行为有限制而公司超出能力范围行事，如果所施行为在此之外均有效和有拘束力，《公司法》第25条也任何这种行为。公司在成立之前订立的合同可在成立之后被公司批准和采纳。

8.6.6 A limited liability partnership is also a body corporate under Singapore law - see Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005 (Act No 5 of 2005). It may, in its own name: sue and be sued in its own name; acquire, own, hold and develop property; hold a common seal; and may do and suffer such other acts and things as any body corporate may lawfully do and suffer - see s 5(1). Section 5(2) also extends s 41 of the Companies Act to apply to a limited liability partnership.

按照新加坡法律有限责任合伙（limited liability partnership）也是一种公司实体（参见《有限责任合伙法2005》）。它可以以自己的名义提起诉讼或成为被告；取得、拥有、占有和发展财产；设公司印章；以及任何可以进行和负担任何其他公司实体可以合法进行和负担的行为（见第5（1）条）。第5(2) 条亦将《公司法》第41条适用于有限责任合伙。

SECTION 7 PRIVITY OF CONTRACT合同的相对性

Third party Enforcement of Contractual Rights Generally not Permitted

一般不允许第三方执行合同权利

8.7.1 As a general proposition, only persons who are party (ie `privy′) to a contract may enforce rights or obligations arising from that contract. This is sometimes referred to as the `privity rule.′

总的立场是，只有合同的当事人（“相对人”）才能执行合同项下的权利和义务。这在有时候被称为“合同的相对性规则”。

8.7.2 A third party who is not privy to a contract is generally not allowed to bring any legal action in his or her own name for breach of contract against a contracting party who fails to perform his or her contractual obligations, even if such failure of performance has caused the third party to suffer a loss.

第三方不是合同的相对人，因而一般不能针对合同的当事方的未能履约的行为提起法律

诉讼，即使第三方因为此种履行不能而招致损失。

When is Someone Party or Privy to a Contract? 何时成为合同当事人或相对方

8.7.3 There is no clear definition as to when a person is/is not privy to a contract. Generally, a party who is an offeror or offeree will be privy to the contract. However, it seems that merely being mentioned in the contract is not enough.

关于某个人何时是或者不是相对人没有清晰的法律定义。一般而言，要约人或受要约人会成为合同的相对人。但是，仅仅是在合同中被提到名字尚不足以使该人成为相对人。

8.7.4 It is, nevertheless, possible to have a multilateral contract where there are multiple offerees (one or more of whom accept the offer on behalf of the others) or where there are multiple offerors (one or more of whom make the offer on behalf of the others). In either case, each offeree or offeror is a joint party to the contract and the privity rule will not apply to them. 但也可能有多边合同的情形，这是因为有着多个受要约人（其中某个或多个代表其他人接受要约）或者多个要约人（其中某个或者多个代表其他人发出要约）的存在。上述任何情形下，每个受要约人人或者要约人都是合同的连带当事方，而合同的相对性规则不适用于他们。

Non-statutory Exceptions to the Privity Rule相对性原则的非立法例外

8.7.5 The privity rule is not absolute. It is subject to many exceptions. Apart from the possibility of a multilateral or multi-party contract (mentioned above), some other exceptions can be found in the law relating to: (a) agency; (b) trusts; or (c) land (in relation to covenants which `run′ with the land or lease). For an in depth discussion of these other legal techniques to circumvent the privity rule, please see Chapters 15 and 18.

合同的相对性原则并非绝对，而是有着很多例外。除上述提到的多边或者多方合同之外，下列方面的法律也能找到各种例外：（a）代理；（b）信托；和（c）土地（关系到虽土地或租约转移的合同债务）。关于其他法律对相对性规则的限制方面更深入的探讨见第十五和十八章。

Statutory Exceptions to the Privity Rule相对性原则的立法例外

8.7.6 There are also statutory exceptions. Most of these are only applicable to specific and narrowly defined cases. Two examples of such statutes include: (a) the Bills of Exchange Act (Cap 23, 1985 Rev Ed) [see Chapter 22 on Banking Law]; and (b) the Bills of Lading Act (Cap 384, 1994 Rev Ed) [see Chapter 25 on Shipping Law]. Of more general application, the Singapore Parliament enacted the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act (Cap 53B, 2002 Rev Ed) in 2001.

还有一些立法规定的例外，但其大多数适用于非常具体的和狭窄界定的情况。举两个例子：（a）《汇票法》（Cap 23，1985修订）[见第x章关于银行法]；和（b）《提单法》(Cap 384, 1994修订) [见第x章关于海运法]。关于更一般性的适用，见新加坡议会在2001年制定的《合同项下第三方权利法》（Cap 53B, 2002 修订）。

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act合同项下第三方权利法

8.7.7 Section 1 provides that the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act has no retrospective effect - it cannot apply to any contract formed before 1 January 2002. Section 1 also provides that the Act does not apply to any contracts which were formed on or after 1 January 2002, but before 1 July 2002, unless the contracting parties expressly provided in their contract for it to do

so. Contracts formed on or after 1 July 2002 are always subject to the Act.

《合同项下第三方权利法》第一条规定该法无溯及既往的效力，即它不能适用于2002年一月一日之前成立的合同。该法规定其自身也不适用于2002年一月一日或之后、2002年七月一日之前成立的合同，除非当事人在他们的合同中明确规定适用该法。2002年七月一日之后成立的合同总是受该法制约。

8.7.8 Where the Act applies, it gives a third party a statutory right to enforce a term of a contract against a party who is in breach of his or her obligations under the contract (the `promisor′), even though even though the third party is a volunteer who has not provided any contractual consideration - see s 2(5).

当本法适用时，它赋予一个第三方以法定权利，使得后者可以就某个合同条款对违反其合同义务的当事人（“允诺人”）予以执行，即使第三方是个没有提供任何合同对价的第三者。见第2(5)条。

8.7.9 T his may occur if either: (a) the contract expressly provides that the third party may enforce a term of the contract in his or her own right - s 2(1)(a); or (b) the contract, `purports to confer a benefit on the third party′ - s 2(1)(b). However, s 2(1)(b) is qualified: a third party will not be granted the direct statutory right of suit in the absence of an express provision permitting him or her to do so, `if, on a proper construction of the contract, it appears that the parties did not intend the term to be enforceable by the third party.′ - s 2(2).

这种情况之发生是因为：（a）合同明确规定第三方自身有权执行某个合同条款–见第2(1)(a)条；或者，（b）合同“意图对第三方授予利益”- 见第2(1)(b)。但是第2(1)(b)是受到限制的：如无明确合同规定，且根据对合同的恰当解释显示出当事人无意给与第三方法定的执行权利，第三方即没有直接的法定权利提起诉讼。- 见第2（2）条。

8.7.10 This statutory right of enforcement is not just limited to cases where the promisor is under an obligation to act to confer a positive benefit on the third party. `Negative′ benefits, such as the benefit of a term excluding or limiting the third party′s legal liabilities to the promisor, may also be enforced -s 2(5).

但法定的执行权利并不限于允诺人有义务采取行动授予第三方积极利益的情形。“消极”利益，例如免除或限制第三方对允诺人之法律责任的利益，也可以得到执行。- 见第2（5）条。

8.7.11 The third party′s statutory right of enforcement against the promisor is qualified in a number of ways. First, the third party′s statutory right of recovery may be qualified by a defence or set-off which the promisor would have been able to assert vis-à-vis the other party to the contract (the `promisee′) - s 4. Second, any sum to be recovered by the third party pursuant to the Act may be reduced to take into account sums recovered by the promisee from the promisor in respect of the promisor′s breach - s 6.

第三方针对允诺人执行合同的法定权利受到各种限制。首先，第三方取得利益的法定权利受到允诺人对合同别的当事方（“受允诺人）所可以提起的抗辩权或者抵销权的限制。- 见第4条。第二，考虑及受允诺人因为允诺人违约而追复到的赔偿数额，第三方根据该法所可以获得的金钱数额会相应会减少。- 见第6条。

8.7.12 Once third party rights are created under the Act, certain restrictions are imposed on the ability of the parties to the contract to vary or rescind their contract if this would extinguish

or alter the third party′s rights under the Act - s 3.

根据本法第三方权利一旦设定，合同当事人改变或撤销合同的能力如果会消除或改变第三方根据本法享受的权利，就受到某些限制。- 见第3条。

8.7.13 Though wider in its scope than many of the other legal techniques for circumventing privity, the Act is not of universal application. Section 7 of the Act sets out a number of situations where the Act does not apply. Excluded cases include: (a) contracts on a bill of exchange, promissory note or other negotiable instrument; (b) limited liability partnership agreements as defined under the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005 (Act 5 of 2005); (c) the statutory contract binding a company and its members under s39 of the Companies Act (Cap 50, 1994 Rev Ed); (d) third party enforcement of any term of an employment contract against an employee; and (e) third party enforcement of any term (apart from any exclusion or limitation of liability for the benefit of the third party) in a contract for carriage of goods by sea, or a contract for the carriage of goods or cargo by rail, road or air, if such contract is subject to certain international transport conventions.

本法虽然比其他法律技术更能限制合同相对性规则，但也并没有普遍适用力。法规的第7条列出了数种本法不能涵盖的情形。排除的情形包括：（a）关于汇票、期票或其他流通票据的合同；（b）〉《有限责任合伙法》所规定的有限责任合伙合同；（c）根据《公司法》第39条约束公司及其股东的法定合同；（4）第三方根据雇佣合同针对雇员执行合同条款；以及（e）第三方对海上货物运输合同或者适用某些国际公约的铁路、陆路或空运合同中任何条款的执行，但为第三方利益的排除或限制责任的条款除外。

SECTION 8 DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT合同之解除

Discharge by Performance因履约而解除

8.8.1 If all the contractual obligations as defined by the terms of the contract are fully performed, the contract is brought to an end or `discharged′ by performance. In theory, such performance must be precise. However, trivial defects in performance may be ignored as being negligible or `de minimis.′ In addition, where full performance is only possible with the cooperation of the other party (as is almost invariably the case with obligations of payment or delivery), tender of performance in circumstances where the other party refuses to accept it is generally deemed to be equivalent to full performance so as to discharge the contract.

如果合同条款规定的所有合同义务都得以全部履行，则合同归于结束或称因履行而“解除”。理论上讲，履行必须是适当的。然而履行中的细小瑕疵可被视为可忽略的或“琐碎之事”。此外，如果全面履行只有在另一方当事人的配合下才为可能（如付款或交付义务之履行必然需要对方配合），在对方拒绝受领的情况下，履行就绪可被视同为全面履行，合同因此而解除。

Non- or Defective Performance不履行或不适当履行

8.8.2 In the event that a contractual obligation is not performed or is performed defectively in a non-trivial fashion, Singapore law provides for a variety of legal responses and remedies, depending on the nature of the failure of performance. 如合同义务未被履行或者履行有并非琐碎的瑕疵，新加坡法律规定了众多法律上的反应和救济方式，其适用视违约的性质而定。

Lawful Excuses for Breach of Contract违法合同的法定免责事由

8.8.3 If the failure of performance is not subject to any lawful excuse, the contract is said to be `breached.′ In this context, `lawful excuses′ may take the following forms.

如果未能履行不可归于任何法定的免责事由，合同可谓被“违反”。在这一背景下，“法定免责事由”可表现为如下形式：

Discharge by Agreement因合同落空而解除

8.8.4 First, just as parties are free to agree to bind themselves to a contract, they are free to negotiate with each other to release themselves from the obligations of that contract. Such agreement may well have been built into the original contract, for example, where parties agree that their original agreement be terminable by giving notice of termination, or upon lapse of a specified period of time. Alternatively, contracting parties may release themselves from the obligations of the original contract by entering into a subsequent contract of release. Where each contractual party is still subject to contractual obligations which have yet to be performed, the mutual release of their outstanding obligations is generally effective under Singapore law without the need for any further formalities or any other consideration. However, where the party who is owed the obligation in question does not have any outstanding obligations under the original contract, the party seeking to be released from that obligation will have to provide some form of valuable consideration in exchange for the release. In the alternative, the release must be executed under seal to be effective.

第一，正如当事方可自由协商为他们自己订立具有约束力的合同，他们也可通过彼此协商解除自己的合同义务。此类协议可能已被结合进原来的合同，例如当事人在原合同中同意，合同可以经事先给与通知而终止，或者经过一段确定的时间而终止。此外，当事人也可以订立补充协议解除他们的合同义务。在各当事方都有未履行的合同义务之时，按照新加坡法律，通过一纸协议解除他们的现有合同义务总的来说是有效的，当事人不需采取任何其他特别形式或提供任何对价。但是，如果一方已没有合同项下的义务须履行而另一方则对他负有义务，希望被解除履行责任的一方必须提供某种有价值的对价以换取义务之解除。作为代替手段，解除协议可以采取盖印的形式以取得效力。

8.8.5 Secondly, it may be that the obligation which has not been performed is conditional upon the prior occurrence of certain specified events: these may be external events, or some contractually specified counter-performance by the other party to the contract.

第二，情形也可能是未被履行的合同义务是以某些规定的事件之发生为条件的：这些可能是外在事件，或合同规定的另一方的对待履行等。

8.8.6 Thirdly, the parties may contractually provide for non-performance following from certain events to be excused so as not to amount to a breach, for example, in the form of a `force majeure′ clause. At the very least, such a clause will hold all parties innocent of liability for non-performance following the specified force majeure event. More detailed force majeure clauses may also make provision for issues such as the return and refund of advance payments, reimbursements for expenses incurred in preparation of the performance of the contract, and so forth. Such provisions will generally be given effect by Singapore law.

第三，当事人可以在合同中约定，因某些事件发生后的不履行不视为违约行为, 从而使其得到免责，比如合同中的“不可抗力”条款。在规定的不可抗力事件发生后，这个条款最少可以使对不履行没有过错的当事方免于责任。更为详细的不可抗力条款还会规定预付款的

百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，免费范文网，提供经典小说综合文库新加坡合同法(The Law of Contract)--最新中英文版(ACCA考生整理(3)在线全文阅读。