英语重点难点语法

虚拟条件句的基本类型与结构

一、与现在事实相反

若与现在事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：

If you took a taxi，you'd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)

If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)

二、与过去事实相反

若与过去事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：

If I'd left sooner，I'd have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)

If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)

三、与将来事实相反

若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：

If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去)

If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)

注意与说明：对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点： 一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；

二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；

三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如：

I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。

If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就别等我了。 引用地址:

http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201008/1661.htm

你会正确使用虚拟语气的倒装形式吗

请看典型考题：

__________ your address，I would have written to you. A. Did I know

B. Were I to know

C. Had I known D. If I should know

此题应选 C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were，had，should，could等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将 were，had，should，could 等词移至句首：

1. If he should fail，he would kill himself. →Should he fail，he would kill himself. 万一失败，他就会自杀。

2. If I were you，I would do it at once. →Were I you，I would do it at once. 假若我是你，我就会马上做。 3. If I could do it，I would. →Could I do it，I would. 要是我能做此事，我一定会做。

4. If he had seen you yesterday，he would haveasked you about it. →Had he seen you yesterday，he would haveasked you about it. 他昨天要是看到了你，他就会问你这事了。

顺便说一句，以上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装： If he had money，he would buy a car. →Had he money，he would buy a car. 他要是有钱，他就会买一辆小车。

引用地址:

http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/200905/1208.html

独立主格结构用法归纳

英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

1. 用作时间状语

The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

2. 用作条件状语

Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

3. 用作原因状语

An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4. 用作伴随状语

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。

5. 表示补充说明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。

注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

引用地址:

http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/200804/262.html

独立主格用作伴随状语

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作伴随状语的例子：

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。

A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。

Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。

He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。

He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果上帝允许，将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。

He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年，他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。

引用地址:

http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/200910/1413.html

独立主格用作原因状语

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作原因状语的例子：

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。

There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。

独立主格用作条件状语

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作条件状语的例子：

Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。

Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow. 天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。

Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。

Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. 其他方面若都相同，我将买那件黑的衣服，不买那件白的(www.yygrammar.com)

Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。

独立主格用作时间状语

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作时间状语的例子：

This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。

My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting. 我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。

The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上(www.yygrammar.com)。

由“名词(代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格

在英语中，独立主格可以由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+介词短语”的用法。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。

We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。

He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。

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