was the (4) perpetual sound of traffic. In the distance a plane was taking off, its lights (5) blazing into the night sky. She remembered the sound of (6) giggling which came from the group of girls. Sadly in her later life it seemed as if Superman had (7) tumbled to earth.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.
1 The lights at the airport went on and off all day and night. (blinked)
2 The playground was like a desert. It was without any interesting or positive features and unfriendly. (barren)
3 The boys were playing a children’s game in which the players chase and try to touch each other and the girls were gossiping and giggling. (tag)
4 Pulling the legs off insects is a form of action causing extreme physical pain by someone as a punishment, and is extremely cruel. (torture)
5 The similarity in appearance between the twins was striking. (resemblance) 6 He would cover candy with a piece of cloth used for cleaning lips and hands, and make it disappear. (napkin)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you look through a kaleidoscope, are you likely to see (a) changing coloured patterns, or (b) a single coloured pattern?
2 If you flaunt something, do you (a) deliberately try to make people notice, or (b) try to hide it?
3 If you marvel at something, do you find it (a) boring, or (b) surprising and fascinating?
4 Are shooting stars likely to (a) move brightly through the night sky, or (b) stand still?
5 Is the twilight likely to be (a) at the end of, or (b) in the middle of the day? 6 If you drift off to sleep, are you likely to fall asleep (a) quickly, or (b) slowly? 7 If someone is bookish, are they likely to be (a) more, or (b) less interested in reading books than doing other activities?
8 If you make up something, do you (a) invent it, or (b) borrow it from someone else? 9 If you come into your own, are you likely to show (a) how effective and useful, or (b) ineffective and useless you can be?
10 Is a villain likely to be a (a) good, or (b) bad person?
11 If you are left out of something, are you likely to be (a) included, or (b) excluded?
Active reading (2)
Language points
1 These changing ideas about children have led many social scientists to claim that childhood is a “social construction”. (Para 4)
A social construction refers to the process or result of creating an idea or system of behaviour in social contexts, ie it is created and developed between people and is
not something natural or genetic.
2 Social anthropologists have shown this in their studies of peoples ... (Para 5)
Social anthropologists are scholars and researchers who study human societies,
customs and beliefs from a social perspective, which may be distinct from the focus of physical anthropologists or linguistic anthropologists.
3 Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency. (Para 5)
Tolerance is the attitude of someone who is willing to accept other people’s beliefs
or way of life without criticizing them even if they disagree with them. The word
leniency means giving a punishment or acting in a way that is not as severe or
harsh as it could be.
4 They are seen as being closer to mad people than adults because they lack the highly prized quality of social competence ? (Para 6)
Something is prized if it is considered to be very important or valuable. The examples in the passage emphasize how different cultural communities may give importance to quite different qualities which they expect from children, so the children are brought up very differently.
5 They are regularly told off for being clumsy and a child who falls over may be laughed at, shouted at, or beaten. (Para 6)
To tell someone off means to criticize someone angrily for doing something wrong.
If you are told off for doing something in a serious or official way, you are
reprimanded.
6 Looking at it from a cross-cultural perspective shows the wide variety of childhoods that exist across the world ? (Para 11)
A cross-cultural perspective is a view which considers different cultures separately or independently and then makes comparisons. An intercultural perspective would look at the relations and interactions between different cultures
or communities, taking inside views of each culture into account. A transcultural perspective would look at different cultures using knowledge, skills and insights
which are thought to apply to a wide range of cultural contexts and which would help people in intercultural contexts.
Reading and understanding
3 Read the passage again and complete the table. Teaching tips
? When Ss have completed the table on their own, divide the class into seven groups, each group being responsible for one row in the table. They have to summarize the characteristics of childhood of this ethnic group, and also include an example. Then they report to the class. Each group should also add related information they learned from the passage, and the language and culture notes. The presentation of each group could be given from that exact roles of parents from that exact cultural or
ethnic group. If this is difficult, T may give each group a copy of the example below, and ask them to practise and present it to the class.
? As a way to follow this up, T can ask each group, one by one, to compare their result with that of another group, without looking at their books. An alternative follow-up is for the T, together with one or two Ss, to take the roles of TV reporters who meet each group and ask them “on camera” to compare themselves with another group, and talk about how they understand the other group from a cross-cultural perspective.
1 We are American colonial people. We lived in the 17th and 18th centuries on the east coast of America and our families settled here from Europe. In our time, children were expected to be good and industrious. That was the main characteristic of childhood. For example, when our girls were four they knitted stockings and mittens; when they were six they spun wool. We called them “Mrs” to show the girls our appreciation.
2 We are Inuit people from the Arctic regions. Some of us are from Canada and Greenland, Denmark, others from Russia and Alaska of US. For us, children need to get ihuma – you would call this the process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding. That’s the main characteristic of childhood.
For example, as parents we are tolerant and lenient with children until they are old
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