湖南大学硕士论文排版样稿（2013标版准）(2)

基于位置预测的Ad hoc网络路由协议研究

摘 要

Ad Hoc网络是一个复杂的分布式系统，具有动态变化的拓扑结构。Ad Hoc网络没有任何中心和固定基础设施，每个节点都具有主机与路由器的双重功能，形成一个多跳分布式网络。如何找到快速稳定的路由是Ad Hoc网络研究的关键问题，目前Ad Hoc路由协议基于不同的出发点和机制，尚无比较完善的性能都比较优越的Ad Hoc路由协议，特别是具有QoS保障的路由技术，仍处于探索阶段，尚无成熟的协议标准，还有待于进一步的深入研究。

本文首先介绍了Ad Hoc网络的基本概念，对Ad Hoc网络的路由协议进行了详细的分析研究。通过OMNeT++仿真，比较分析了几种常见路由协议在不同环境下的性能变化，包括：移动性、网络负载和网络环境等。仿真结果表明，随网络负载的增加数据分组成功发送率下降、路由包开销增大、端到端传输时延增长。

仿真分析表明，目前路由算法存路由包开销大、端到端传输时延长等问题。因此，本文提出了一种基于位置预测的LAODV路由协议(Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing Based On The position prediction ) 。设计了节点定位的自适应定位算法，在网络定位系统中配置一些位置己知的信标节点，一旦信标节点不够，低级节点自动吸纳高级节点作为补充“信标”节点参与该节点的定位。在得到基本位置信息后，通过对节点的位置进行预测，确定节点的位置和基本方向，选择最稳定路径进行数据传输，降低了路由破裂与重构次数，提高了数据成功传送率。仿真结果表明，通过对节点的位置进行预测，采用定向洪泛的路由算法和资源预留机制为数据的传输提供了可靠的QoS保障，降低了路由开销。

关键字:Ad Hoc网络；地理位置路由；定位；OMNeT++

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工程硕士学位论文

Abstract

Ad Hoc network is a complicated distribute system, which has dynamic topology. There is no infrastructure in Ad Hoc network, while every node can be router and host, then form a multi-hop distributed network.How to rapidly find a stable route is the key problemin Ad Hoc network. There is no excellent performance Ad Hoc routing now, especially for QoS routing, which still in the initial stage and there is no industry standard. So it need do further research in Ad Hoc routing.

First some basic concept of Ad Hoc network was introduced, then analysed Ad Hoc routing protocols. We analyzed and compared the performance of several Ad Hoc routing protocols in different network environment via OMNeT++, such as mobility, network load and environment. The simulation shows along with network load ,send out rate decline, the cost of routing increase and the delay of end to end extend.

Network simulation shows these routing protocols have some weakless such as big cost and long delay. So an LAODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing Based On the position prediction) is proposed. We designed an adaptive localization algorithm for locating node. Set some beacon node that known there location, once there is no enough beacon node in the network, the senior node will be alternated node for beacon and join the localization stage. When get there location, via the prediction of the new position to confirm the position and direction of the node, then choose the best route to transmit. It will decrease the numbers of break route and re-route, and increase the data transmition rate. The simulation shows, through the prediction of position, using the directional flooding and resourse reserve to ensure the QoS, the cost of routing is decreased.

Key words: Ad Hoc Network; Routing base Geography; Localization; OMNeT++

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基于位置预测的Ad hoc网络路由协议研究

目 录

学位论文原创性声明和学位论文版权使用授权书 ................................................... I 摘 要 ........................................................................................................................ II Abstract ................................................................................................................... III 插图索引 .................................................................................................................. VI 附表索引 ................................................................................................................. VII 第1章 绪 论 ...........................................................................................................1

1.1 课题的研究背景及意义 ...............................................................................1 1.1.1 移动Ad hoc网络概述 ...........................................................................1 1.1.2 Ad Hoc网络中路由协议问题 ................................................................2 1.1.3 论文研究的意义 ....................................................................................3 1.2 Ad Hoc网络路由协议的研究现状 ...............................................................4 1.3 研究内容 ......................................................................................................5 1.4 论文结构 ......................................................................................................5 1.5 本章小结 ......................................................................................................5 第2章 Ad Hoc网络路由协议 ...................................................................................6

2.1 Ad Hoc路由协议概述 ...................................................................................6 2.2 Ad Hoc路由协议分类性能研究 ...................................................................6 2.2.1 按路由建立时间分类 ............................................................................7 2.2.2 按路由算法类型分类 ............................................................................9 2.2.3 按网络拓扑结构分类 .......................................................................... 10 2.2.4 按路由协议的功能分类 ...................................................................... 11 2.3 几种常见的典型的路由协议 ...................................................................... 12 2.3.1 表驱动路由协议 .................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 按需驱动路由协议 .............................................................................. 14 2.3.3 混合路由协议 ...................................................................................... 15 2.3.4 实现机制比较 ...................................................................................... 16 2.4 本章小结 .................................................................................................... 17 第3章 Ad Hoc路由协议的OMNeT++仿真与性能分析........................................ 18

3.1 OMNeT++仿真的基本原理 ......................................................................... 18 3.2 Ad Hoc路由协议的OMNeT++仿真 ........................................................... 20 3.2.1 Ad Hoc路由协议的OMNeT++仿真流程 ............................................ 20

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工程硕士学位论文

3.2.2 仿真参数设置与性能评价 ................................................................... 22 3.2.3 不同负载下Ad Hoc路由协议的OMNeT++仿真 ............................... 23 3.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................... 28 第4章 基于位置预测的LAODV路由协议 ........................................................... 29

4.1 基于位置预测的Ad Hoc路由协议研究 .................................................... 29 4.1.1 基于位置预测的Ad Hoc路由协议研究 ............................................. 29 4.1.2 位置信息路由协议的分析与优化 ....................................................... 30 4.2 节点定位算法 ............................................................................................. 31 4.2.1 节点定位算法基本原理 ...................................................................... 31 4.2.2 节点定位算法误差模型及误差消除技术 ........................................... 32 4.2.3 自适应节点定位算法具体内容及定位过程 ........................................ 33 4.3 基于位置预测的路由协议LAODV ........................................................... 36 4.3.1 LAODV路由协议描述 ......................................................................... 36 4.3.2 算法描述与实现 .................................................................................. 39 4.3.3 LAODV性能分析 ................................................................................ 42 4.3.4 LAODV仿真分析 ................................................................................ 42 4.4 本章小结 .................................................................................................... 46 第5章 总结与展望 .................................................................................................. 47 参考文献 ................................................................................................................... 49 致 谢 ....................................................................................................................... 52

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基于位置预测的Ad hoc网络路由协议研究

插图索引

图1.1 简单的移动Ad hoc网络示例 .........................................................................2 图2.1 按需驱动路由的路由建立示意图 ...................................................................8 图2.2 分级结构路由算法示意图 ............................................................................ 10 图2.3 CGSR路由协议的路由机制 .......................................................................... 16 图3.1 OMNeT++仿真程序的体系结构 .................................................................... 19 图3.2 数据包成功发送率1 ..................................................................................... 24 图3.3 数据包成功发送率2 ..................................................................................... 25 图3.4 网络路由包开销1 ......................................................................................... 26 图3.5 网络路由包开销2 ......................................................................................... 26 图3.6 端到端的平均时延1 ..................................................................................... 27 图3.7 端到端的平均时延2 ..................................................................................... 27 图4.1 圆周定位模型 ................................................................................................ 32 图4-2 节点分类 ....................................................................................................... 34 图4.3 定位流程 ....................................................................................................... 35 图4.4 位置管理方案 ................................................................................................ 37 图4.5 最小路径生存时间的计算 ............................................................................ 37 图4.6 定向路由洪泛机制 ........................................................................................ 38 图4.7 中间节点处理RREQ报文的过程 ................................................................ 40 图4.8中间节点处理RREP报文的过程 .................................................................. 41 图4.9 数据包成功发送率1 ..................................................................................... 43 图4.10 数据包成功发送率2 ................................................................................... 44 图4.11网络路由包开销1 ........................................................................................ 44 图4.12网络路由包开销2 ........................................................................................ 45 图4.13 端到端的平均时延1 ................................................................................... 45 图4.14端到端的平均时延2 .................................................................................... 46

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