国际贸易实务(3)

１ Under what circumstances does time of shipment equal to the time of delivery？

答： Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment while time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place. For all shipment contracts， time of shipment equals to time of delivery and they can be used interchangeably in the contract.According to Incoterms 2000， contracts concluded on the basis of terms like FOB， CFR， CIF， FCA， CPT， CIP are shipment contracts. Under the shipment contract， the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery when the goods are shipped on board the vessel or delivered to the carrier and the seller only bears all risks prior to shipment. ２ What are the functions of a bill of lading？

答： A bill of lading has three major functions： First， it is a cargo receipt. Second， it is evidence of a contract of carriage.Finally， it is a document of title to the goods.

VI. Case Studies

1. ABC co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of credit

stipulated, “Partial shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the

exporter violate the terms of the L/C?

析：本题的解题要点：UCP600第三十一条：b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同

次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、接管地或发运地点不同。案例虽然没有说明货物是否在同一目的港卸货，但如果没有强调说明，一般认为是同一个目的地。

答案：No, 卖方没有违反信用证“不允许装船” 的规定。 答题切入点：对转船的定义和相关规定的理解。

Chapter six

III Explain the following terms １insurable interest

答： Insurable interest is the interest in insurance subject matter （cargo or property accepted for insurance） held by the insurant and recognized by laws， indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risks materialize. 2 indemnity principle

答： The indemnity principle means that in the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril， the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril畅In practice， this is almost always compensated by paying an amount of money equal to the value of the goods lost or damaged.

3 proximate cause principle

答： The proximate cause refers to the major and ／or effective reason that has caused the accident and the proximate cause principle is employed in the judgment of causation between accidents and losses.

IV Short questions

2 What are the differences between general average and particular average？

答： Although both general average and particular average belong to the category of partial loss，there is still some differences between them：Causes： Particular average is a kind of cargo loss usually caused directly by sea perils，while general average is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest. Indemnification：Particular average is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged， while general average should be proportionally contributed among all parties benefited from the intentional measures.

3 What are the conditions for general average？

答： A partial loss can be treated as general average if it is formed upon the following conditions：

The danger that threats the common safety of cargo and ／or vessel shall be materially existent and is not foreseen.

The measures taken by the master shall be aimed to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo and shall be undertaken deliberately and reasonably for common safety.

The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.

The actions of the ship’s master shall be successful in saving the voyage.

V Calculation

１ A Chinese company offered to a British counterpart at USD５００ per case FOB Shanghai.The British importer asked the exporter to offer a CIF price. Suppose the freight is USD ５０ per case and premium rate is ０.５％， what would the new offer be？

解： Calculation：

CIF ＝ FOB ＋F/(１ －１１０％ ×R )＝500＋50/(１ －１００％×０．５％)≈ USD ５５３

Answer： The new offer is USD５５３ per case CIF Shanghai.

VI Case studies

１ X Company signed a CIF contract to export candies.The cargo was insured for “all risks”.Due to the long voyage， candies absorbed sweating in the ship’s hold， and thus softened and degraded.Was the insurance company liable for the damage？ Why or why not？

析： 答案：No。案例中提到“due to the long voyage， candies absorbed sweating in the ship’s hold and thus softened and degraded”， 这说明candies 变软的原因在于长时间海上运输，吸收了船舱的热气所致。保险公司不应给与赔偿原因有三：

a.在货物运输保险中没有“长时间运输”这一风险；b.candy 变软是由于其本身的货物特性决定的，糖果即使在常温下摆放一段时间都会变软，因此可认为是糖果的内在瑕疵（inherent vice）所导致的；c.虽然一般附加险中包含了“heating and sweating”这一险种，但此险种是指由于某种意外的原因（如船上的制冷设备坏了）导致船舱内温度、湿度突然变化，造成货物品质变化的情况，本案例不属于此情况。

答题的切入点：a.货物inherent vice 属于保险公司的除外责任； b.“heating and sweating risk” 的适用范围

3 On a voyage the cargo ship had an accidental fire. To save the ship， the captain ordered to have water poured into the compartment. The fire was put out.

（１） For party X， her goods burnt amounted to １０％ of USD0.5 million cargo；

（２） For party Y， his goods damaged due to water poured accounted for ２０％ of USD１million cargo；

（３） For the carrier， engine damages due to the fire equaled 10％ of USD50 million ship；

（４） Extra wages for the seamen totaled USD50 000. Based on the information above，indicate １） Which is PA？ ２） Which is GA？

３） What is the GAcontribution for each party？

解： 本题的关键在于对共同海损和单独海损的区别和共同海损分摊的计算。单独海损是承保风险所直接导致的船货损失。共同海损不是承保风险所直接导致的损失，而是指载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害或者意外事故，威胁到船货各方的共同安全，为解除这种危险，维护船货安全，由船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，所作出的某些特殊牺牲或支出的某 些额外的费用。

１） 答案：Party X 和carrier 的损失。

２） 答案：Party Y 的损失和海员的拯救费用。

答题切入点：共同海损和单独海损的区别，及满足共同海损的条件。 ３） GA Total loss ＝２０％ ×１ ＋0.05 ＝USD0.25m

GA Total Benefit ＝0.5 ×９０％ ＋５０ ×９０％ ＋１ ＝USD46.45m GA contribution rate ＝［GA total loss ／GA Total Benefit］ ×１００％ ＝（0.25／46.45） ×１００％ ＝0.0054

GA Contribution by X ＝０.５ ×９０％ ×0.0054＝0.00243m≈USD2430 GA Contribution by Y ＝１ ×0.0054 ＝0.0054m≈USD5400

GA Contribution by Carrier ＝５０ ×９０％ ×0.0054 ＝0.243m≈USD243000 答题切入点：共同海损计算的步骤。

Chapter seven

D/P (documents against payment) In D/P terms, the collecting bank

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