4.英汉翻译教程 (1)

第一章

翻译的定义和翻译的原则

一、翻译的定义

1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )

2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )

3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼 2003：6 ） 二、翻译的原则

1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)

In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.

(译事三难，信，达，雅。求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉） ① Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war. ----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民

②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. ――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．

③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. ――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．

④ For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. 古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！

⑤ Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.

――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之． 2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)

① From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.

――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往． ② He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market. ――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归． 3.Qian Zhongshu

① Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair. 卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。

② The young people were all in high favour, especially Alice, whose sweet face and temper would have endeared her to the devil himself, but there was much shaking of heads over her handsome husband, Peter, who had a hot eye for a fine leg, as Matty put it, and was apt to put an arm round the kitchen girls if he had the chance.

仆人们对家里年轻的主人都充满好感，特别对艾丽丝更是如此。她的脸蛋长得甜甜，脾气又特别随和，就是魔鬼见了她也会喜欢。但谈起她那位英俊的丈夫——彼得，许多仆人是摇头的，玛蒂形容说，他见了女人标致的大腿，眼睛就会色迷迷的，如果逮着机会还会去搂一把年轻厨娘的腰。 4. Alexander Fraser Tytler

① You country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the people who struggle against terrorism.――贵国一直坚定地站在反对恐怖主义的前列．

② It is the champion of apartheid.――它是导致种族隔离的罪魁祸首

③A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. 千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容． ④ Being invited to dance, she would not very well refuse. ――有人请她跳舞，她不好意拒绝

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5. Eugen A. Nida

①Poison (a name of cosmetic)――百爱神 ②Coca-Cola――可口可乐 ③ 《半夜鸡叫》 ――A Cock Crying at Midnight. 6. Peter Newmark

①迎客时说：路上辛苦了．――Did you enjoy your trip? ②请客时说：没什么菜，随便吃．――Help yourself. 7. Vermeer and Nord:

① Red Star Over China——《西行漫记》

②While facing foreign pressure, China was also weakened by social unrest which resulted from a great increase in population and inadequate farmland. This led to peasant uprisings. The Taiping Rebellion. The most serious one was the Taiping Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan. The rebellion was one of the most destructive unrest in history, taking as many as 30 million lives. …

中国面临外患的同时，又因人口大增而耕地不足，引发社会动荡，国力减弱，农民起义此起彼伏。其中最重要的一次是洪秀全领导的太平天国运动。这是历史上规模最大的一次农民起义，三千万人为之付出了生命。……

第二章 文化与翻译

?Walls have ears 隔墙有耳。 She has a heart as hard as flint. 她生来一副铁石心肠。 ?It was packed like a tin of sardines. 挤得象一听沙丁鱼。

?At present, the superpowers are armed to the teeth with nuclear weapons, placing the people of the whole world under their nuclear threat.

?目前超级大国用核武器武装到了牙齿，把全世界人民都置于他们的核威胁之下。 2. Reproducing the same image plus paraphrase.

?To carry coals to Newcastle. 运煤到纽卡索，多此一举。 ?The planners were busy bypassing the Gordian knot.

?计划制订者为躲避戈尔迪结—刺手问题，而忙得不可开交。 3.Replacing the image in the SL with a familiar TL image. ?One stone, two birds.一箭双雕。

?Richard could not go to a library and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw. 理查德不能去图书馆，那么要写这份报告无异于要他做无米之炊。

?He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. 玩火者自焚。 ?Tom is as poor as a church mouse. 汤姆一贫如洗 ?Don’t teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧 4.Delete the image.

?How could she remain as cool as cucumber at such a critical moment? ?在如果紧要关头，她怎么能保持如此冷静？

?Mary was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. 玛丽生在富贵之家

?Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. ?同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在。 ?Many people don’t like Jack because he is a wet blanket. ?很多人都不喜欢杰克因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。 ?第三章 直译与意译

Literal Translation and Free Translation

?Adam’s apple 喉结 It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱 ?Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早，（不必自寻烦恼） ?Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？ ?1. There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.

?Literal translation: 再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。Or：罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。 ?Free translation：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。Or：丑女不愁嫁。 ?2．Little fish does not eat big fish.

?Literal translation: 小鱼吃不了大鱼。 Free translation: 胳膊拧不过大腿。 ?3．What the tongue says, the neck pays for

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? Literal translation: 舌头说话，脖子还帐。 Free translation: 舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。 ?4．What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! ? Literal translation: 孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！ ? Free translation: 生就是个女人就别想冒充男人！

?5．A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.

? Literal translation: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。 ? Free translation: 大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。

第四章 増译法

三、增译的运用1. 增添原文所省略的词语

?1）Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. ?物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

?2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest. ?最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。 ?3）In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

?晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。 2 .增添必要的连接词

?1）Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热，就会汽化。

?2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost. ?不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是有一部份热散失损耗掉。 ?3）Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.

?因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。 3 .用增词表达出复数概念

?1）Note that the words ―velocity‖ and ―speed‖ require explanation. ?请注意，―速度‖和―速率‖这两个词需要解释。

?2）He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。 ?3）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. ?群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。 4. 用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚

?1）Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。

?2）This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. ?这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。

?3）After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。 5 .逻辑性增词

?1）Air pressure decreases with altitude. ?气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。

?2）I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. ?我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。

?3）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area. ?这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。 6 .概括性增词

?）According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.

?根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。

?2）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. ?论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

?3）The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection.

?真空管的五大主要功能是整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。 7 .从修辞和连贯角度考虑增词

?1）This printer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打印机真是物美价廉。

?2) Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.

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?不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧！ ?3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his conclusion. ?科学家经常设法否定自己的假设、推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。

8 .重复性增词

?1）Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. ?不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。 ?2）I had experienced oxygen and/ or engine trouble.

?我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。

?3）They could sense her (Titanic) mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.

?他们会体会到它（―泰坦尼克‖号）船体的巨大，感受到它周围的可怕沉寂，领略到因岁月的流逝而造成的凄凉景观。 9 .背景性增译

?1）This great scientist was born in New England. 这位伟大的科学家出生于美国东北部的新英格兰。 ?2 ）The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发男孩立刻在胸前画十字，祈求上帝保佑。 ?3）The British people are still profoundly divided on the issue of joining Europe.

?在英国人民中间到目前为止一直在英国是否加入欧洲―共同市场‖的问题上存在严重分歧。 四、案例分析Beauty Dies香消玉殒 五、课堂练习

?1. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. ?2. Suppose it were so?

?3.White clouds float over the blue sky.

?4. Correspondents went flying off to Baghdad for interview last month. ?5.The U. N. Security council is doing its best to ease tensions in Baghdad.

?6.Our students should be developed in an all-round way--morally intellectually and physically. ?7.China and the United States reached an agreement on the agenda of the meeting ?8.Their host carved, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.

?9. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing exact man. ?10. They carried on the work in spite of the difficulties. 参考译文

1.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，既成溺爱；俭约过度成贪梦2.果真如此，又该怎么办呢？ 3.蓝蓝的天上飘浮着朵朵白云。4.上个月，记者纷纷飞往巴格达进行采访。

5.联合国安理会正在尽最大的努力来缓和巴格达的紧张局势。6.我们的学生应在德、智、体三方面得到全面发展。7.中美双方就会议议程达成了协议。8.他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是布菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是谈啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙得不亦乐乎。9.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。10.尽管困难重重，他们还是把工作进行下去。 第五章 省译法

（1）A doctor should have patience in work. 医生对待工作应当有耐心。 ?（2）The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 ?(3) Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. ? 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。 ?2.省略代词

?(1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。 ?(2) For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, its electric wiring, its path and its garden.两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，查看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。 ?(3) They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness. 他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染，言谈间不但没有恶言恶语，甚至还充满友好之情。 3.省略动词

(1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。

(2) Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。

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?(3) For this reason television signals have a short range. 因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。

?4. 省略介词

? 英语中的介词译成汉语时大多可以省略，尤其是出现在句首的时候。

?(1) Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 ?(2) Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。

?(3) The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。

?5. 省略连接词

?(1) He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。

?(2) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 ?(3) If winter comes, can spring be far behind ? 冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？

二 按照汉语修辞需要而省词语

?(1) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

(2) 1945 witnessed the end of the Anti-Japannese War. 1945年，抗日战争结束了。

(3) On arriving at the destination, I became a very tired man. 到了目的地，我累极了。

三 按照汉语表达习惯而省略词语

(1) The old man was dead and gone last week. 那个老头上周死了。 (2) Our goals and aims must be reached. 我们的目的一定要达到。 (3) Her mother was surprised and taken aback. 她母亲确实吓了一跳。 Exercise

?1. A doctor should have patience in his work.

?2. We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air. ?3. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. ?4. We live and learn.

?5. In spring the day is getting longer and longer and the night shorter and shorter. ?6. Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. ?7. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

?8. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy. ?9. Different kinds of matter have different properties. ?10. 1945 witnessed the end of the Anti-Japanese War. ?11. Our goals and aims must be reached.

?12. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

?13. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.

?14. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.

?15. It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it.

?16. Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others. 17. There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 18. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 19. The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.

20. For generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place. 参考译文

1、医生对待工作应当有耐心。2、声波在空气中传播时，是看不见的。3、只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。 4、活到老，学到老。5、春季白天越来越长，夜晚越来越短。6、大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 7、冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？8、早起早睡使人身体健康。9、不同的物质具有不同的特性。 10、1946年抗日战争结束了。11、我们的目的一定要达到。12、他这个人得寸进尺。 13、这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。（地大物博，人口众多）

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