1 The author thinks the Topeka event proved _____.
dubiously-oriented. anything but radical. far-reaching.
nothing but inspiring.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 As pointed out by the author, numerous historic sites _____. should be subjected to appraisal. fall victim to urban expansion.
are in dire need of restoration and renewal.
out of proportion to open planning.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 In the eyes of the author, preserving U.S. heritage _____. is nothing but the government endeavors. is the hopes of future generations.
goes against the interests of the populace.
calls for funds and initiative.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 One of the problems concerning the structures in historical sites as pointed out by the author lies in _____.
pest-infected surroundings.
building materials.
handicapped technologies. appealing artistic styles.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 It can be inferred from the passage that _____. heritage preservation will be no easy job.
tourist attractions should not be open to the public. private groups are the last resort in the campaign. school segregation is no longer a publicized problem.
Passage 5
The familiar saying that the exception proves the rule contains a good deal of wisdom, though from the standpoint of formal logic it became an absurdity as soon as \no longer meant \on trial\The old saw began to be profound psychology from the time it ceased to have standing in logic. What it might well suggest to us today is that, if a rule has absolutely no exceptions, it is not recognized as a rule or as anything else; it is then part of the background of experience of which we tend to remain unconscious. Never having experienced anything in contrast to it, we cannot isolate it and formulate it as a rule until we so enlarge our experience and expand our base of reference that we encounter an interruption of its regularity. The situation is somewhat analogous to that of not missing the water till the well runs dry, or not realizing that we need air till we are choking.
For instance, if a race of people had the physiological defect of being able to see only the color
blue, they would hardly be able to formulate the rule that they saw only blue. The term blue would convey no meaning to them, their language would lack color terms, and their words denoting their various sensations of blue would answer to, and translate, our words \and so on, not our word \would need exceptional moments in which they saw other colors. The phenomenon of gravitation forms a rule without exceptions; needless to say, the untutored person is utterly unaware of any law of gravitation, for it would never enter his head to conceive of a universe in which bodies behave otherwise than they do at the earth's surface. Like the color blue with our hypothetical race, the law of gravitation is a part of the untutored individuals background, not something he isolates from that background. The law could not be formulated until bodies that always fell were seen in terms of a wider astronomical world in which bodies moved in orbits or went this way and that. Similarly, whenever we turn our heads, the image of the scene passes across our retinas exactly as it would if the scene turned around us. But this effect is background, and we do not recognize it; we do not see a room turn around us but are conscious only of having turned our heads — in a stationary room. If we observe critically while turning the head or eyes quickly, we shall see, no motion it is true, yet a blurring of the scene between two clear views. Normally we are quite unconscious of this continual blurring but seem to be looking about in an unblurred world.
1 The popular saying that \ identifies exception with rule and misleads a lot of people. used to sound logical when \
points to the truth that a rule without exceptions is perfect. sounds so absurd today that people no longer refer to it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 If a race of people were able to see the color blue only, their words denoting their various sensations of blue would ____ our words of \run counter to be equivalent to derive from
bear no relation to
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 An illiterate is utterly ignorant of any law of gravitation because
exceptions of the law usually cannot be perceived by his own eyes.
the law of gravitation is an idea he isolates from his individual background. he occasionally conceives of a universe in which bodies behave differently. he rarely goes out of his room to see and investigate the world. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 When we turn our heads quickly, we will recognize that the scene turns around us. find that the background turns blurred. only see a blurring of the scene.
forget that we are in a stationary room.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 What is the passage mainly about?
why the law of gravitation is difficult for people to understand. how we can overcome the physiological defect effectively.
whether we should study carefully the exception to the rule or not. how we deal with something when we are unaware of its existence. Passage 6
Teachers in the United States earn less relative to national income than their counterparts in many industrialized countries, yet they spend far more hours in front of the classroom, according to a major new international study.
The salary differentials are part of a pattern of relatively low public investment in education in the United States compared with other member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group in Paris that compiled the report. Total government spending on educational institutions in the United States slipped to 4.8 percent of gross domestic product in 1998, falling under the international average 5 percent — for the first time.
\report's authors explained. \economy has done very well, but teachers have not fully benefited\
The report, due out today, is the sixth on education published since 1991 by the organization of 30 nations, founded in 1960, and now covering much of Europe, North America, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
In addition to the teacher pay gap, the report shows the other countries have begun to catch up with the United States in higher education: college enrollment has grown by 20 percent since 1995 across the group, with one in four young people now earning degrees. For the first time, the United States college graduation rate, now at 33 percent, is not the world highest. Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Britain have surpassed it.
The United States is also producing fewer mathematics and science graduates than most of the other member states. And, the report says, a college degree produces a greater boost in income here while the lack of a high school diploma imposes a bigger income penalty.
\— there is no end in sight\that is coming from schools and colleges\
The report lists the salary for a high school teacher in the United States with 15 years experiences as $36,219, above the international average of $31,887 but behind seven other countries and less than 60 percent of Switzerland's $62,052. Because teachers in the United States have a heavier classroom load-teaching almost a third more hours than their counterparts abroad — their salary per hour of actual teaching is $35, less than the international average of $41 (Denmark, Spain and Germany pay more than $50 per teaching hour, south Korea $77).
1 The picture as depicted by the writer in the first paragraph seems to be fairly reassuring. very bleak.
rather discouraging. quite exceptional.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 According to Mr. Schleicher, the supply that is coming from US schools and colleges falls short of the social demands for skills. is the origins of teacher pay gap.
meets the anticipations of business institutions. is a manifestation of the high level of its education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 People who hold a college degree will have an advantage over those who do not have a high school diploma, in terms of opportunities in promotions. increases in incomes. changes in life-styles.
qualifications to be teachers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 We can learn from the text that
teachers in the United States have to shoulder greater teaching responsibilities than their counterparts abroad.
the United States surpasses all its rivals with respect to producing mathematics and science college graduates.
the quality of higher education in the United States degrade owing to its aimless expansions and poor teaching strategies.
total government spending on educational institutions in the United States is comparable to that in other nations abroad.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 The best title for this passage would be
Those who Benefit from Economic Expansions. Higher Dropout Rates in the US.
An Impressive Image Projecting to Outsiders. Education Study Finds US Falling Short. Passage 7
The road signs have been changed — no longer \at Work\but \Working\Every occupation recorded by the Census Bureau, up to and including stevedores and boilermakers, lists women as well as men. Forty-four percent of all employed Americans are women. What's more, the percentage continues to rise, which poses a question: Are the gains being made by women in the workplace coming at the expense of men?
On the face of it, the answer is clear. Unless total employment in the nation expands more rapidly than it has, some substantial number of men are going to continue to lose out in the job race to women. But the process by which the change is taking place is complex, and the explanation goes beyond the political and legal pressures that are part of women's campaign for equal rights. There have been changes in the character of work that have motivated that hiring of women. In the insurance industry, for example, the positions of adjusters and examiners were once largely held by men, who went out and inspected dented fenders. Today, the work consists mainly of sitting at
a computer terminal, entering insurance claims. Women now hold 65 percent of these jobs, up from 27 percent in 1970. In general, women are filling the new, lower-paying jobs in offices and the service industry.
Some jobs that were once all-male preserves changed with the introduction of modern equipment. That happened in the meatpacking industry, where automatic machines for moving sides of beef have eased the need for so much heaving and hoisting. Since 1970, the proportion of packinghouse butchers who are women has increased by more than one-third.
Among the most vivid cases of displacement are those in the upper reaches of the workplace. The proportion of women among graduate students has been increasing dramatically, providing stiff competition for young men who, a generation earlier, might have been all but certain of executive or professional careers.
Of course, discrimination against women continues. Moreover, only rarely is there a one-for-one substitution, the discharge of a man so that a woman can be hired to take his place. Yet the trend toward the displacement of male workers goes on. According to the United States Labor Department, two-thirds of the growth in the labor force between now and 1995 will be accounted for by women; by that year, the department expects, only 65 percent of men aged 55 to 64 will be in the labor force.
In a nation that prides itself on a commitment to equality of opportunity, women's progress in the workplace can only be seen as inevitable and fair. That should not, however, blind us to the major impact this change will have, not only in terms of jobs but in terms of the society as a whole, unsettling the balance of relationships in the family and raising new problems concerning male self-esteem.
1 It can be seen that women's status today is beyond dispute. on the rise.
an odd phenomenon.
a laughing stock.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 In the upper hierarchies of the workplace men still possess dominance over women. men are denied access to central positions. women are being ignored increasingly. women will plough a new ground.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? Women's Dominance in the Work-force. Women's Campaign for Equal Rights. Sex Discrimination in the U.S. Woman vs. Men in the Work Force.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 With the introduction of modern equipment, a host of men have been dismissed.
women begin to pick up jobs once done only by men.
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