unit 8
Part 1 Reading comprehension
Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Manners evolved differently in different cultures. In earlier times there was a tendency for manners to become increasingly formal, and this was often viewed as progress. In the 18th and 19th centuries having good manners was seen as an important part of one's education and social class, and it was necessary to be taken as a lady or a gentleman to get ahead in the world.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, manners have gradually become more relaxed and informal. The hosting of dinners and other social
gatherings are no longer the exclusive privilege of the wealthy elite (精英), and private clubs are being gradually replaced by more open meeting places. So the manners of the salon (沙龙) are gradually combining with the manners of the pub. Clothing is a good indication of the changes in manners, as can be seen in the following examples. It is surprising that the wearing of hats indoors by males is once again becoming acceptable. Students in North America often wear baseball caps to class. In many countries the wearing of hats indoors by males was once acceptable even in very polite society, but over the years this became considered as a lower-class behavior and was thus discouraged in both the middle and upper classes. The young people who wear hats indoors do not realize they are actually restarting a very old cultural tradition.
A comparable development for females is the wearing of jeans. Many females now wear jeans on a daily basis, either at home or at work. Some see this as a symbolic declaration that they are now modern women, not girls or ladies. Some girls, like boys, wear baseball caps both indoors and outdoors.
Sneakers and shorts are now acceptable for either males or females in a variety of non-athletic situations. Some companies have rules requiring informal dress such as jeans or sneakers on Fridays (called \Friday\
these companies, and many others, it is acceptable to call the bosses by their first names.
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. Changes of manners over time.
B. Formal manners in the earlier times.
C. Different manners in different cultures.
D. Development of manners in different classes.
2. In the 20th and 21st centuries, _________.
A. manners are not as formal as in the past
B. manners in a pub are getting more and more formal
C. proper clothing is a good indication of good manners
D. rich people no longer behave formally in social gatherings
3. According to the passage, \
2 most likely refers to __________. A. Formal manners of drinking.
B. Informal manners of drinking.
C. Formal manners at social gatherings.
D. Informal manners at social gatherings.
4. According to the passage, nowadays wearing a hat indoors can
actually be viewed as _________.
A. a revolution
B. social progress
C. a worsening situation
D. a return to the old tradition
5. According to the author, today wearing hats indoors, and wearing
jeans at work mainly indicate that _________. A. women are no longer inferior to men
B. people no longer pay attention to dressing details
C. people are getting more relaxed in terms of manners
D. some companies have lower requirements for their employees
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Between the 1950s and the early 1980s, the evolving role of Japanese women had been most obvious in their attitudes toward marriage and the family system. There had been a trend away from arranged marriages. Many young women admitted that they took paid
employment mostly in order to find a husband on their own. In spite of this and other influences a 1982 figure showed that almost 40 percent of marriages were still arranged. This figure was, however, half the size of a 1955 survey which showed that almost 81 percent of marriages were arranged. Once married, many women in the early 1980s continued to work, and increasingly they returned to work after
childbirth, something which was hard to imagine a generation before. A woman's role in the family was evolving as well, becoming more and more dominant.
Women had sought more personal satisfaction from their lives since 1950s. In the beginning of the1980s, during their lives before marriage women made up an almost free-wheeling (随心所欲) part of Japanese society. A survey of new brides reported that only 12 percent expected their marriage to be happy. At that time, Japanese still regarded
marriage not as the peak of a romance but as a duty that was primarily social and practical in significance. As a result, Japanese women took full advantage of their years before marriage. Most women remained at home while working, living with their family in a sort of extended dependency. Japanese women, however, must be careful to maintain themselves within acceptable social standards, one woman being told, \
Once married a Japanese women found herself in a role opposite of the perceived sex roles in Japan – the female was dominant in the house. The relationship between the partners of a Japanese marriage clearly showed the evolving role of women. It must be remembered that a short one hundred years ago the attitude toward women was that \
everything she must obey her husband\women had changed: A Japanese woman had almost unquestioned power within the family system of today's Japan. 6. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Changes in the role of Japanese women.
B. Changes in the styles of Japanese marriages.
C. Japanese women's struggle for independence.
D. Japanese women's increased power in their families.
7. What did the author say about Japanese women before the 1950s?
A. Many women continued to work after marriage.
B. A majority of women had their marriages arranged.
C. Only less than half of women had arranged marriages.
D. Many women went to work in order to find a husband.
8. What was marriage in many Japanese people's eyes in the early
1980s?
A. It was the end of their romance.
B. It was the beginning of a happy life.
C. It was a social responsibility one has to fulfill.
D. It was the highest point of their romantic relationship.
9. Which of the following was the main cause for most Japanese
women in the early 1980s to take full advantage of their years before marriage?
A. They believed they would no longer have a happy life after marriage.
B. They knew they could not be as dominant as before after getting married.
C. They should not go beyond acceptable social standards after marriage.
D. They would no longer have time to work after marriage.
10. \
refers to the fact that the wife_________. A. had to obey the husband in the family
B. had to support the husband and his family
C. could make decisions on everything in the family
D. could question some of the husbands' decisions
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Leadership is the ability of a person to guide people in a group toward achieving a task at hand. I believe that leaders are made; they are not born and a person can always be a good leader if he makes full use of the following list of leadership strengths.
Firstly, task execution (实施) is one of the most important leadership strengths. Coming up with a brilliant idea and executing that idea are two completely different things. Bringing an idea to life is a lot easier said than done. An idea really comes to life only when it is executed to perfection. For this, you need to be a team player. There is a fine line between having followers that follow you out of respect and having followers that follow you because they have no choice. Any kind of disagreement in the team will affect the end result and the efficiency of performing the task.
Secondly, before you go on to put any kind of strategy into place, you need to understand and envision what you wish to achieve. This is
important because the expectations of the entire group will ride on your shoulders. Thus, one of the important leadership strengths is to have a very clear vision about how to go about a task at hand, keeping the long-term and short-term goals and consequences in mind. You need to be practical yet optimistic about the possibilities involved in any task and must take into consideration all the risks involved.
Thirdly, being the leader does not mean that you own the people you work with. Many people tend to get carried away and do not listen to their team members. This can go against them as the team members then tend to lose respect for their leader. You need to genuinely listen to your team members because they are the only ones that will tell you if you go wrong at any point of time. Furthermore, listening will make
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