专业学位硕士研究生英语教程03

C. going to art classes D. learning Chinese

2. \_____. A. Americans begin to oppose other countries

B. Americans begin to learn languages of other countries C. Americans have international content in their life D. Americans realize the usefulness of Mandarin

3. According to Thomas Matts _____.

A. hundreds of secondary schools were able to offer courses in Chinese language and literature B. since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik people haven't seen any interest in Russian C. advanced curriculum and exam in Chinese were required D. people are having more interest in Chinese than Russian

4. Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago said: \think there will be two languages in this world. There will be Chinese and English.\_____. A. Chinese and English will be the only languages in the future B. China and America will be the only important states in the future

C. Chinese and English will be the most important languages in the future D. Chinese and English will make other languages extinct

5. Which of the following is the obstruction of expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools? A. It is difficult to find qualified teachers and teaching materials. B. It is hard to find an active ally in the Chinese government.

C. Chinese government didn't help sponsor the Chicago program and new Advanced Placement exam.

D. There is not an agreement on building Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years.

II. Complete the following (sum up) summary (->summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.

Paris Buedel, a typical American 8-year-old (boy), is (1) enrolled in a \immersion\program for doing lessons in both English and Chinese. The program is indicative of (show) one of the fastest-growing (2) curriculum trends in U. S. schools: the study of Chinese. The interest in Chinese language and culture has (3) taken off in the past few years. Parents and students think that learning Chinese may give them a leg up later in life because (4) Mandarin is spoken by more people than any other languages, and they appreciate the importance of China in the (5) global culture, politics and economy. The program of studying Chinese can be found in primary, secondary schools and at colleges and universities in (rural<->urban=) metropolitan areas like Chicago and in some towns like Glenwood and Chapel Hill. However, the biggest (6) obstacle to expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools is finding qualified teachers, for the federal No Child Left Behind legislation requires all teachers to be (7) certified. Finding suitable teaching materials is another bottleneck. They can't use materials from China because the curriculums are not (8) aligned (=same). Despite (=In spite of) all the difficulties, proponents are finding an active ally (cooperation) in the Chinese government. It helps (9) underwrite (take up some responsibility) the program and new Advanced Placement exam and has a new agreement with the College Board to build (set up/ establish) Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years. Moreover,

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the U.S. Department of Education and the Ministry of Education in Beijing have (10) cooperated to create Chengo (实用汉语), an online games-based program for beginning Chinese.

Vocabulary

I . Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.

1. Thomas holds a belief (=believes) in the _____ nature of reality. [believe sb.相信某人的话；believe in sb.=trust sb.信赖某人; believe in sth.持有某种信仰] A. dual B. both C. either D. twin (孪生子)

2. I think that the Christian baptism (洗礼) is by complete _____ of the person in water. A. (immense巨大的->) immensity B. immersion

C. immorality不道德 [immortal不朽] D. immaturity不成熟

3. Man has a(n) _____ need for love and (nurture->) nurturing (养育). nurture<->education A. easy B. elementary(=basic) C. submerging(没入) D. direct (adj.直接的; vt.指引方向)

4. This building represents the post-modernist _____ in architecture. (arch-/ arc-:穹顶); bishop->archbishop A. mark B. trench壕沟/ 战壕 C. (social) trend趋势 D. (personal) tendency趋向

5. One common Chinese _____ is that the elders ought to be respected.

[respect: vt./n.尊敬；respectable值得尊敬的；respectful毕恭毕敬的；respective各自的] A. notice B. idea

C. (object to) objection 反对 D. notion

6. This was the moment (time) when Spielberg's (job->) career (事业/生涯) really _____. A. kept off保持距离 B. cut off切断

C. got off从…下来 D. took off开始/ 起飞

7. For low income families, mortgages (抵押贷款) are hard to _____. A. come by (=get) B. come in C. come back D. come over

8. He was appointed (任命) as the director to _____ a team of investigators. [invest投资] A. overlook忽略(vt.) B. supervise监督(vt.) C. check (n./vt.)支票/审查/监控 D. supply (vt./n.)供应

9. The company _____ the new perfume (香水) with prime-time commercials (commercial advertisements) on the major networks (网络). [be at one’s prime time正当年] A. started B. began C. launched D. initiated

10. You'll meet the same word again in a _____ different context (上下文/ 语境). A. slightly B. (delicate精巧的->delicacy美食) delicately C. lightly D. rarely=hardly, seldom/ scarcely几乎不

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II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. under way in response to virtually ambitious substantial concrete proponent jointly from scratch initiate recruit be in a position to executive secondary paste

1. Despite (In spite of) some slight recovery, the world economic crisis is still under way. 2. My husband holds a position as the executive director (行政主管) of a drama troupe (group剧团).

3. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit (transportation运输) strike.

4. He then attempted (=tried) something more ambitious, a novel of 200,000 words. 5. He started from scratch when he came to America. 6. Ministry of Education introduced (引进) more flexible (灵活机动的) policy for colleges to recruit minority students. 7. Buying cars in the second-hand market, you are in a position to bargain (make a bargain讨价还价).

8. The lawyer was confident to win the case, for he had the concrete evidence needed to convict (vt.证明...有罪;n.罪犯).

9. Barack Obama won 2008 presidential election by a substantial margin (=gap). 10. The (price<->) prize was given to a young proponent on women's education in Kenya for his work to ensure (make sure that…/ see to it that…确保…得以实现) the rights of citizenship of women.

Part II Translation

Put the following paragraphs into Chinese.

Paris is enrolled in a \immersion\program at the Glenwood Elementary School here in which the pupils-half native Chinese, half English speakers—do their lessons in two languages. The program is indicative of one of the fastest-growing curriculum trends in U.S. schools: the study of Chinese.

\are used to hearing about people in other countries learning English. Now we're seeing the opposite trend,\said Michael Levine, executive director of the Asia Society, which promotes international content in U.S. schools. \that, since more people speak Mandarin than any other language, it might be a useful skill to have.\

参考译文：

帕里斯参加了格兰乌德小学的“双语浸入式”项目，这个项目里的学生有一半的母语是汉语，有一半是英语，他们用两种语言上课。从这个项目可以看出美国学校里发展最迅速的一门课程：汉语学习。

“美国人习惯听到西他国家的人学习英语，现在我们看到了相反的趋势。”亚洲协会的执行会长迈克尔. 莱温说，该组织在美国学校里推行国际教学内容，“父母和学生们认为既然说汉语的人比任何其它语言多，那掌握汉语可能是一项有用的技能。”

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Part II Reading for Amusement

The anti-American sentiment is worldwide. Richard Wike, senior project director with the Pew Institute in Washington, DC, has been studying global attitudes towards the U.S. since 2002. His organization has interviewed more than 90,000 people in the past six years and has tracked a near-universal decline in positive attitudes towards the U.S.

\was a particularly steep drop in 2003,\says Wike. Iraq, of course, was the principal cause of this dramatic decline, and Muslim countries registered the most severe reduction in positive views of the U.S. Of the 100 people in Jordan questioned by Pew in 2003, all but one expressed an unfavorable view. The most recent survey showed Jordanese disapproval dropping to 80 percent, but Pew's 2005 study of global attitudes was still titled \image up slightly, but still negative\

In Western Europe, the home of traditional U.S. allies, the same trends have been recorded. Between 2002 and 2005, the percentage of people in Germany having a favorable image of the U.S. dropped from 61 to 41, and in Britain the decline was 75 to 55. Wike says that there is \resentment\(by a ratio of two to one) can be put down to criticism of the administration of President George W. Bush, rather than the U.S. in general.

Wike says that the institute doesn't give advice?We try to stick to polling data,\梑ut its 2005 results give some hope for those wanting to combat anti-Americanism. Although bombing and military action in the Middle East inflamed opinions, Uncle Sam's response to the Asian tsunami worked wonders for public diplomacy. Most Indonesians, by a margin of five to one, had a negative opinion of the U.S. in 2003, but the 2005 results saw a \improvement\says Wike. Nearly two out of five-38 percent梠f Indonesians held a favorable opinion.

Vocabulary

diplomacy: n. 外交 inflame: v. institute : n. Jordan: n.

margin: n perceive: v. put down to register: v. tsunami: n .

unchecked: adj. Uncle Sam

Part III. Grammar

被动语态

语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态(the Active Voice)和被动语态(the Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。

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一、被动语态的各种时态形式

1.一般现在时的被动语态：am／is／ale+动词的过去分词 (1)A password is needed to get access to the computer system

（2)Hill slope are cleared to make way for crops.

2.一般过去式的被动语态：was／were+动词的过去分词 (1)He was found to be unfit for public office.

(2)The medieval castle was converted into a beautiful theater.

3. 现在进行时的被动语态：am／is／are + being+动词的过去分词 (1)The hostages are being threatened by the kidnappers

(2)The poor bus service is being complained of by customers.

4. 过去进行时的被动语态：was／were + being + 动词的过去分词 (1)The tiny village was being submerged by the flood waves. (2)We found that the poor boy was being slapped by his mother. 5. 一般将来时的被动语态：will/ shall + be + 动词的过去分词 am／is／ale + going to be十动词的过去分词

(1)Mr．Smith is going to be nominated as a new executive assistant. (2) A new education reform will be implemented by government.

6. 过去将来时的被动语态：would／should + be+ 动词的过去分词 was／were + going to be + 动词的过去分词

(1)They were told that the result would be announced the next week. (2) He said that all the costs involved in the project would be examined. 7. 现在完成时的被动语态：have／has + been + 动词的过去分词 (1)The party has been planned since the new year.

(2)The building has been made accessible to disabled people 8. 过去完成时的被动语态：had + been + 动词的过去分词

(1)The victim reported that she had been repeatedly subjected to torture. (2)All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.

二、被动语态的使用要点

1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如：appear, happen，take place，occur, rise, die belong to，break out等。

(1)Great changes have taken place in my hometown. (2)The credit for this success belongs to me.

2.某些感官动词和连系动词用主动结构表被动意义，如：feel，look，taste．smell sound，seem，appear, turn等。 (1)What he said sounds good idea. (2)What does the perfume smell like?

3.“have／get + 宾语 + 过去分词”可表被动意义。 (1)I will get the bike repaired in no time. (2)I must have my hair cut.

4. 不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略。

(1)The girl was made to answer many questions in class. (2)She was seen to pass by the window．

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Unit 3

Language Learning

Preview

The future looks as though children will have to speak at least one other language than English in their adult lifetime. The second most widely used language in the world is Chinese. Learning Mandarin today or teaching children to be bilingual for tomorrow is becoming one of the best decisions American parents could make. It is in the best interests of Americans to have complete understanding and a working knowledge of the Chinese language in order to keep focus, improve communications. The future will address more blending of cultures and the need for sensitivity in a diverse world economy.

Part I Text Reading Warm-up

I. Why learn Chinese?

Just a few years ago, most westerners might not have been thinking very much about China. However, these days, with China's booming economy, the need to interact with China is apparent. More and more westerners may be wondering, \I be learning Chinese?\The answer is a resounding \

Why are so many people interested in China and learning its language? Please discuss more reasons besides those mentioned above with your partner. The following tips may be useful for your discussion.

1. China currently boasting the fastest growing economy in the world 2. following what others are doing 3. to stay competitive 4. global supply chains

5. to be a smart business move

6. the Chinese market being the largest consumer market in the world 7. for seeking a better career

8. Chinese being spoken by over 1.2 billion people 9. China being the world manufacturing factory 10. traditional Chinese culture and long history

II. Please give some reasons to illustrate the nationwide English learning in China, and make comparison to the growing popularity of Chinese learning abroad. Text

East Meets West in U.S. Schools

Edward B. Fiske

[1] Paris Buedel is a typical American 8-year-old (boy) who is into basketball, piano lessons and Lego1. And, oh yes, he spends half of each school day speaking Mandarin (spend time/ money doing sth.).

[2] Paris is enrolled in a \

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School here in which the pupils--half native Chinese, half English speakers--do their lessons in two languages (bilingually). The program is indicative of (=shows) one of the fastest-growing curriculum trends in U.S. schools: the study (n.) of Chinese.

[3] 'Americans are used to hearing about people in other countries learning English. Now we're seeing the opposite trend,\said Michael Levine, executive director of the Asia Society2, which promotes (encourages) international content (n./a.内容) in U.S. schools. \and students are deciding that, since more people speak Mandarin (Chinese) than any other language, it might be a useful skill to have.\

[4] \appreciate (=enjoy/ understand) the importance of China in the (globe->) global economy and the notion that our son's knowing Chinese (knowledge about China) may give him a leg up (help him a great deal) later in life,\(I am) reading the newspapers we can point to articles about China, culturally, politically and economically. China (=China’s influence) is everywhere.\

[5] Because (of) interest in Chinese language and culture has taken off (started/ begun) in the past few years, accurate statistics are hard to come by (get). A 2002 study (research) at Princeton University3 put (estimated) the number at 24,000 students in Grades 7 to 12, but, according to Levine, the current (present) figure (number) is certainly much larger.

[6] This autumn (fall) the College Board4 initiated (launch/ started) a new advanced (高年级的) placement (streaming) curriculum and exam in Chinese language and literature. Thomas Matts, who supervises the program, estimated that possibly as many as 300 secondary schools were already in a position to (be ready/ willing to) offer (provide) the program (courses). \haven't seen such interest (enthusiasm) in a particular (specific) subject since the Soviet Union5 launched Sputnik6 and people got (became) interested in Russian and physics,\

[7] Rosemary Feal, executive director of the Modern Language Association7, reported that the number of students in two- and four-year college courses studying Chinese (rise->) rose (=increased) by 20 percent between 1998 and 2002, to slightly more than 33,000. \既然) the pipeline is active at the high school level, we expect many more students to be enrolling in advanced (higher高级的) courses,\now under way will show further increases of 25 to 50 percent.

[8] The most ambitious program (project) can be found in Chicago, where more than 5,000 students, virtually (actually/ in fact) all of them native English speakers, are studying Chinese in 17 elementary and 10 high schools (junior high school/senior high~). The program, which began in 1999 in response to pressure from a group of parents, has been heavily promoted (urged) by Mayor (市长) Richard Daley and now has a waiting list of schools seeking to participate (join/ take part in). \think there will be two languages in this world,\the mayor said. \will be Chinese and English.\

[9] Large programs can also be found in the suburbs (郊区->suburban) of Washington, and (inner city<->) outer cities (卫星城) with (cosmo->)cosmopolitan (huge) populations. [10] The program at Glenwood, which involves (includes) 116 of the school's 460 pupils, began six years ago when (then/ at that time) a group of parents put pressure on the local school (region/ zone/ area/ district) district to begin teaching Chinese. Chapel Hill is a university town (大学城), site of the flagship campus (主校区) of the University of North Carolina, and a substantial (=huge) number of (a great number of) Chinese families work at the university or in nearby Research Triangle Park. Some of the English-speaking pupils are Chinese who were (adapted<->) adopted as

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infants (babies) by American families.

[11] The program began accepting 24 students each year into kindergarten (nursery), and the first cohort (group) has now reached Grade 4. Each class is taught jointly (together) by two teachers, one Chinese-speaking and the other English-speaking, who divide the curriculum. Students arc admitted (enlisted) by lottery (=draw lots) and there is a waiting list, Amy Rickard, the principal, said.

[12] Teachers say they tend to use Chinese for concrete (specific) topics like (such as) geometry or science, and English for more abstract concepts. \to deliver (teach/ address/ discuss; ~milk/newspaper/~a bay; natural delivery自然分娩) science in a second language,\a foundation (base) vocabulary.\

[13] The biggest obstacle to expanding Chinese instruction (teaching) in U.S. schools is finding qualified (competent) teachers. Robert Davis, manager (director) of the Chicago program, said that he searched the Internet and even traveled in May to Shanghai, a sister city to Chicago (the key to that lock), to recruit (enlist) teachers for two-year stints (=experience). He said that the problem had been complicated (have gone from bad to worse) by the federal No Child Left Behind8 legislation (act), which requires (demands) all teachers to be certified (qualified). \has no certificates for language teachers,\he said. \had to work with (cooperate) the state to get one (school) started.\

[14] Finding teaching materials is another bottleneck (puzzle). Lund said that she and her teaching partner (colleague) had to develop them from scratch (from the very beginning). %use materials from China because the curriculums are not aligned (same),\she said. \we download materials from the Internet and paste Chinese characters [1.小说戏剧中的人物；2.汉字] over English words in books.\

[15] Proponents (advocates) of more study of Chinese in U.S. schools are finding an active ally [1.合作；2.集合) in the Chinese government, which helped underwrite (take some responsibilty) the Chicago program and new Advanced Placement exam and has a new agreement with the College Board to build Chinese language programs (projects) in 2,000 public [（英国）；[美国]私立的]) schools over the next five years. The U.S. Department of Education and the Ministry of Education in Beijing have cooperated to create Chengo9, an online games-based program for beginning Chinese (汉语入门课).

[16] Walters said that Chinese parents at Glenwood were supportive of (were helpful to/ support) her son's study of their language. %up for (ask问请/ ask for索取/ turn to sb. for help向某人求助) help with homework (help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事),\that Paris viewed (considered/ regarded) spending half of his day operating in (teaching) Mandarin as quite (abnormal) normal for an 8-year old American boy. \expects to use his Chinese language skills (the other day过去的某一天) someday (将来的某一天) to run (start) a Lego factory\

Notes

1. Lego: a (Demark->) Danish toy company producing the brick-building toys with the brand of the same name.

2. the Asia Society: a non-profit organization dedicated to educating Americans about Asia and fostering (cultivating/ developing) understanding between Americans and the peoples of Asia. It has

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several centers in the United States (Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.) and around the world (Hong Kong, Manila, Mumbai (孟买), \(汉城/ 首尔), Shanghai, Makati City (马卡提：菲律宾吕宋岛西南部的一个城市) and Melbourne. All of these centers are overseen (=supervised) by the Society's headquarters in New York (City).

3. Princeton University: a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League and is considered one of the (colony->colonize->) Colonial Colleges. Founded in 1746, Princeton is the fourth institution of higher education in the U.S. to conduct classes.

4. the College Board: a non-profit membership association (society协会) in the United States that was formed in 1900 as the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB). It is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. It manages many different standardized tests used by academically oriented postsecondary education institutions to measure a student's ability. The College Board is headquartered (=based on) in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City.

5. the Soviet Union: the common short name for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a (constitute->constitution->constitutional->) constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

6. Sputnik: a robotic satellite launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, to explore the upper (atom->) atmosphere(大气层/ 氛围), which was the first human-made object to orbit the Earth.

7. the Modern Language Association (MLA): the principal (adj. major) professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature (文学).

8. The No Child (Be) Left Behind Act (NCLB): Enacted on January 8, 2002, proposed by the administration of President George W Bush, NCLB is the latest federal (legislate->) legislation that enacts the theories of standards-based education reform, which is based on the belief that setting high standards and establishing (setting up) measurable goals can improve individual outcomes (result) in education.

9. Chengo: the (abbreviate首字母缩略->) abbreviation for \and English on the go (under the move /change; in the use实用英汉语)\

Word Bank

align: v. to fall into a line成一条线

ambitious adj. full of ambition; greatly (desire->) desirous; eager; requiring; challenging雄心勃勃的

bottleneck n. the narrow part of a bottle near the top瓶颈

(Certificate->) certify (=prove): v. to confirm; (quantity<->quality->)qualify确认 cohort: n. a group of people一群人; a crowd of people; gang/ band concrete: 1.adj. actual; specific; real具体的; 2. n. (cement)混凝土 cosmopolitan: world; international: adj.世界的，国际的

curriculum: n. courses offered by an educational institution全部课程 dual: adj. double成双的

elementary (primary): adj. fundamental; basic基础的; chemical~化学元素; elementary (primary)school小学

enroll (enlist): v. to enter or register in a roll征兵，招生; enable sb. to do sth.

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(execute->)executive: 1.adj. carrying out or executing; (administrate->) administrative; (manage->manager->) managerial执行的，行政的; 2. 首席执行(CEO)

flagship : n. the chief one of a related group王牌，旗舰 geometry: n. one branch of mathematics几何学

(immerse->) immersion: n. covering with water; (submerge->) submerging it浸没; sub-/ sup-: under, e.g. submarine潜水艇;

(indicate=imply->implication) indicative: adj. suggestive指示性的，象征性的 initiate: v. to begin; start首创, 开始

jointly: adv. in common; together共同地，联合地; join in加入 launch: v. to set going; initiate发动，发射

lottery: n. a selection made by lot from a number of applicants or competitors抓阄法，彩票； draw lots抽签

notion: n. a belief or opinion思想，概念 concept/ idea paste: v. to adhere粘贴

pipeline: n. a direct channel渠道，管道; smoke a pipe抽烟斗

placement: n. assignment; arrangement布置，编排；place=put；placement test=streaming test分班考试

proponent: n. advocate (n./ vt.); supporter倡导者; pro-: 1. forward; 2. officially recruit: v. to enroll; to enlist征募，招收

secondary: adj. not primary; minor; lesser第二的，次等的; secondary school中专/ 中学; high school

stint: n. task; limitation; restriction定额，限制

(substance->) substantial: adj. material; true or real; ample (enough); (consider->) considerable物质的，真实的，相当多的a substantial meal丰盛的饭

triangle: n. the plane figure formed by connecting three points三角形；tri-：

underwrite: v. to assume (=take responsibility) financial responsibility for同意承担的…费用 (virtue->) virtually: adv. in fact; practically; nearly; almost实际上，几乎；virtual：adj. 1.虚拟的2. 实际的3.道德的

Phrases and Expressions

be in a position: be able to能够; be ready to do sth./ be willing to do sth.; pose->posing picture come by: to gain; to acquire/ get 获得

from scratch: from the very beginning 从头开始，

(give sb. a hand=) give sb. a leg up: to help improve the situation of帮某人改善状况 (respond->) in response to: in answer to回应，响应 take off: to achieve wide use or popularity广泛使用，大受欢迎; put on<->take off. E.g. ~one’s clothes; the plane will soon ~.

(on the way#) under way: in operation; in progress进行中，启动; a bridge under building正在建设中的桥梁

Reading Comprehension

I. Choose the best for each of the following.

1. Paris Buedel does all of the following except _____. A. taking basketball lessons B. playing the piano

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Exercise

Rewrite the following sentences by using passive voice.

1. We must pay more attention to (tone->) intonation in learning pronunciation.

2. His successful fight against inflation had reinforced his competence (=ability) as an economist.

3. They are using secure (safe/ reliable) Internet connection to intensify relations with some of their trading partners.

4. The administration has kept the cause of the incidence off the air in the radio. 5. The teacher always makes (force sb. to do sth.) the girl answer many difficult questions in class.

6. These questions will arouse (唤醒) a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world. [A be superior / inferior to B]

7. We cannot exchange (alter->change) such goods which customers have bought during the (sell-sold-sold->) sale.

8. His father took no notice of (pay no attention to sb.) him but his sister made much of (thinks highly sb.对…评价很高) him.

9. After the meeting, both men described this (negotiate->) negotiation as frank, friendly and (destructive<->) constructive.

10. We didn't believe that he could hit the target. [aim at->shoot->hit<->miss]

参考答案：

1. More attention must be paid to intonation in learning pronunciation.

2. His competence as an economist had been reinforced by his successful fight against inflation.

3. Secure Internet connection is being used to intensify relations with some of their trading partners.

4. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration. 5. The girl is always made to answer many difficult questions in class.

6. A challenge will be aroused to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world. 7. Such goods which customers have bought during the sale can not be exchanged. 8. He was taken no notice of by his father but was made of by his sister.

9. After the meeting, this negotiation was described as frank, friendly and constructive by both men.

10. It wasn’t believed that he could hit the target.

IV. Translation

词语的转换(二)

虽然在英语中名词所占的比例大于其他词汇，但是由于中英两种语言存在诸多本质上的不同，在翻译时就不能忽视其他词语在两种语言中不同的运用，从而达到灵活的使用。例如：

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一、动词转换成名词

英语中有很多动词在汉语中往往找不到相应的动词，翻译时可以处理为名词。例如 1 To them，be personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的象征。

2. Formality has always characterized their relationship 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 3. He lunched me well at a restaurant yesterday． 昨天他请我在馆子里吃了一顿像样的午餐。

二、形容词转译成名词

某些形容词的前面加定冠词。表示某一类人或者某种抽象概念。这类形容词常译为汉 语名词。例如：

1. The true，the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false，the evil and the ugly. 没有假、恶、丑．就不存在真、善、美。

2 They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf. 他们打算为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。

3. SS guards shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were the old the infirm，the ill、the very young Judged unfit for work, they were being consigned to the gas chamber.

希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向把监禁的人推过去。那些可怜地挤在左边的人

都是些老、弱、病、幼者。他们被认为不适宜干活，正被送到毒气室去处理。

三、副词转译成名词

有些英语副词是由名词派生的，在句中作状语．表示“用 方法”、“在…·．方面” 等意义。译成汉语时，可根据具体情况，将这类副词译成汉语名词。 1.The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure l 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。

2. He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。

3. 0xygen is one of the important elements in the physical world. It is very active chemically.

氧是物质世界的重要元素之一，它的化学性质很活跃。

四、其他词类的转译法

语言使用具有很大的灵活性，语言也是个无限生成的系统。因此，在翻译实践中．不同词类之问相互转译是常见的现象。为了忠实于原文，更好地表达原文的意思，我们可以根据上下文灵活地选择词类。例如：

1. The wide application of electronic machines in scientific work，in designing

and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations

在科学研究、设计和经济计算方面广泛地应用电子计算机可以使人们从繁重的计算劳动中解放出来。(形容词转译成副词)

2. The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design。

工程师为这次设计做了十分周密的准备。(副词转换成形容词)

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3. According to a growing body of evidence，the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids，ending up in your body.

越来越多的证据表明，许多塑料制品的化学成分套渗透到食物或流体上去，最终进入人体内。(代词转译成名词)

4. He managed to make a mess of it。

他竟然把事情搞得一塌糊涂。(动词转译成副词)

5. I have the honor to inform you that your application has been accepted. 我很荣幸地通知阁下，我们已经接受了您的申请。(名词转译成副词)

Exercise

Turn the following sentences into Chinese.

1. Robin Hood (罗宾汉) often looted (robbed) the rich and helped the poor. 2. Ice (->icy) is not as dense (密度高的) as water and it therefore floats.

3. They have not done so well (idea->ideology->) ideologically (意识形态方面, 缺少新意), however, as (organ-> organize-> organization-> organizational) organizationally (组织方面).

4. It was a clear and unemotional (objective<->subjective) （expose->be exposed to sth.接触）exposition (说明) of the President's reasons for willing (愿意) to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.

5. Independent thinking is an absolute (necessary->) necessity in study. [depend on sth.=rely on sb./ sth.依赖]

参考译文：

1. 罗宾汉经常劫富济贫。

2. 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。

3. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。

4. 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。 5．独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

Bonus

Below are some expressions about education. (vacation#) vocational education职业教育

compulsory education义务教育；compulsory subject必修课 (universe->) universal education通用教育 adult education成教

correspondence school函授学校 compulsory course必修课

(option=choice) optional course选修课 expand enrollment扩招 targeted-area student定向生 planned enrollment计划内招生

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