语言学基本知识

语言学的基本概念

1. What is linguistics?

(1) The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or, alternatively, the scientific study of language.

(2) The main branches of Linguistics: Phonetics 语音学 Phonology 音位学 Morphology 形态学 Syntax 句法学 Semantics 语义学 Pragmatics 语用学

2. General Linguistics & Applied Linguistics

(1) The main difference

General Linguistics: 理论研究，研究对象为人类所有语言 Applied Linguistics: 应用研究，语言在各个领域的实际应用 (2) The main branches of each

General Linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,

Pragmatics

Applied Linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Physiological

Phonelics, etc. (Page 64, Para1)

Note: 上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学的分支，狭义的应用语言学只指语言教学

3. Important distinctions in Linguistics

(1) Descriptive Linguistics V.S. Prescriptive Linguistics

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Don’t say X. a prescriptive command People don’t say X. a descriptive statement

The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.

Prescriptive Linguistics: 规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言 Descriptive Linguistics: 语言的实际用法

(2) Synchronic Linguistics V.S. Diachronic Linguistics ----Saussure Diachronic Linguistics: the study of language through the course of its history. Synchronic Linguistics: the study of language, which takes a fixed instant as its

point of observation.

(3) Speech V.S. Writing

Speech: communication by word of mouth Writing: symbol of language (4) Langue V.S. Parole

Langue: the common possession of a speech community 言语活动中社会成员共同使用的部分，是社会共有的交际工具。

Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics 语言上的实际表现或语料，在具体场合下的具体话语。

(5) Competence V.S. Performance ---Chomsky

Competence: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules of his language

Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations. What we do when we speak or listen.

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Phonetics语音学

1. Definition

The study of the pronunciation (including how sounds are made, transmitted, and received发出，传递，感知), description and classification of speech sounds. 比如：p是用什么发音器官发出来的？是爆破音还是唇齿音？是元音还是辅音？是轻音还是浊音？

Articulatory Phonetics发音语音学: the production of speech sounds---organs Acoustic Phonetics声学语音学: the property of sound waves---transmission Auditory Phonetics听觉语音学: the way in which the listener analyses or possesses a sound wave----perception 2. Classification of English Speech Sounds

Consonants (24) Vowels (20)

Difference: whether the air from the lungs meets with obstruction in the throat, the nose, or the mouth when you pronounce. (1) Classification of Consonants

① Voiced or voicelss 清音或浊音 （8对） Voiced: p, t, k, f, θ, s, ?, t? Voiceless: b, d, g, v, e, z, ?, d?

② Place of pronunciation （分为8类，共24个音标） Bilabial: p, b, m, w (4个) Labiodental: f,v （2个） Dental: θ, e (2个)

Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, r, l (7个) Palatal-alveolar: ?, t?, ?, d? (4个) Palatal: j (1个) Velar: k, g, ? (3个) Glottal: h （1个）

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③ Manner of Articulation (分为6类，共24个) Stop: p, b, t, d, k, g (6个) Fricative: f, v, θ, e, ?, ?, s, z, h (9个) Affricate: t?, d? (2个) Nasal: m, n, ? (3个) Lateral: l (1个)

Appronimant: w, r, j (3个)

注：1. 69页的表格必须背会，其中一个格子里有两个音标的，左为清，右为浊

2. 描述辅音：一说清浊，二说发音部位，三说发音方式 （2）Classification of vowels

Monophthongs (12个): i:, i, ?, ?:, u:, u, e, ?, ?:, ?, ?, a: Diphthongs （8个: ei, ai, ?i; ?u, au, i?, e?, u?

注：1. 69页元音表格必须背会，但忽略tense和lax

2. high，mid，low表示舌头抬高的高度；front, central, back表示发此音时舌头最高部分的位置；tense长元音，lax短元音（只有带两个点的才是长元音）。

3. 此表可以简化为：

High Mid Low Front Central Back u:, u ?: ? a: i: i e ? ?, ?: ? Eg. i: high, front, tense vowel u high, back, lax vowel ? mid, central, lax vowel

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Phonology音系学

1. Definition

Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 研究支配语言结构，分部和排列的规则，以及音节的形式。比如：p在poor，soup，spirit里面的发音有不同吗？为什么有不同？即便有不同，为什么又永远不会和g的发音混淆？ 2. Phonemes, phones, and Allophones

Phoneme：音位，在音系学研究的最基本单位，国际音标中所列举出来的都有哪些发音。

Phone：音素，语音学研究的嘴基本单位，指人的发音器官所能发出的最小的音，指实际的发音。

Allophones：音位变体。指的是同一个音位，在不同的单词中会发出不同的音。也就是一个phoneme会有两个甚至更多的phone。Eg，[p]在peak和speak中的发音是不同的。在peak中[p]的发音是送气的，用[ph]；而在speak中[p]的发音是不送气的，用[p]表示。所以 [p]这个phoneme就有了[ph]和[p]的音位变体。 3. Minimal Pair Eg： pig，big，dig， 4. Phonological process 音位过程

Assimilation指一个语音受邻音的影响而带有了邻音的某些或全部发音特点 判断：

Nasalization, dentalization, velarization全部属于assimilation的不同情况。 所举的例子全部为逆同化。

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