药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版

basic familiarity with the practice of pharmacy. When the physician shirks his responsibility in this regard, he invariably fails to translate his knowledge of pharmacology and medicine into prescription orders and medication best suited for the individual patient.

药物的制备、合成与销售一度都是医生的职责，但这项工作现在几乎全归药师了。不过临床医师要想开出合理的处方，必须对药物的理化性质及其现有剂型有所了解,必须基本了解药房业务。若临床医师逃避这方面责任，他肯定用不好药理学及药物知识，从而难以开出适合每位患者的最佳医疗处方。 I

Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. These factors, coupled with dosage, determine the concentration of a drug at its sites of action and, hence, the intensity of its effects as a function of time. Many basic principles of biochemistry and enzymology and the physical and chemical principles that govern the active and passive transfer and the distribution of substances across biological membranes are readily applied to the understanding of this important aspect of pharmacology2.

药物动力学涉及药物的吸收、分布、生物转化以及排泄等方面。这些因素再加上剂量便决定了药物在其作用点的浓度，进而决定了其与时间成函数关系的药效强度。在对药理学这一重要方面的理解过程中，常常运用到许多有关生物化学和酶学方面的基本原理和物理化学方面的一些基本法则，而这些原理和法则决定着物质在生物膜之间的主动和被动转移及分布。

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics. It is an experimental medical science that dates back only to the later half of the nineteenth century. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and pathology. It is unique mainly in that attention is focused on the characteristics of drugs. As the name implies, the subject is a dynamic one. The student who attempts merely to memorize the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs is foregoing one of the best opportunities for correlating the entire field of preclinical medicine. For example, the actions and effects of the saluretic agents can be fully understood only in terms of the basic principles of renal physiology and of the pathogenesis of edema. Conversely, no greater insight into normal and abnormal renal physiology can be gained than by the study of the pharmacodynamics of the saluretic agents.

对药物的生化生理作用及其作用机制的研究称为药效学。这是一门实验医学，其历史仅可追溯到19世纪后半叶。作为边缘学科，药效学从生理学、生化学、微生物学、免疫学、遗传学和病理学等诸多学科的主要理论和实验技术中吸取了大量内容。该学科的独到之处主要在于其关注的要点是药物的特征。顾名思义，该科目属于动态学科。学生如果仅仅打算死记硬背药物的药效学特性的话，那他将会丧失把整个临床前期医学连为—体的这一最佳机会。例如:利盐排泄剂的活性和效用只有在肾脏生理学和水肿发病机制的基本原理的基础上才能完全理解。换句话说，只有通过对利盐排泄剂的药效学研究，才能最深人地了解肾脏生理学正常和异常两方面情况。

Another ramification of pharmacodynamics is the correlation of the actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structures. Such structure-activity relationships are an integral link in the analysis of drug action, and exploitation of these relationships among established therapeutic agents has often led to the development of better drugs. However, the correlation of biological activity with chemical structure is usually of interest to the physician only when it provides the basis for summarizing other pharmacological information.

药效学的另一分支是研究药物活性和效用与其化学结构的相互关系。这种构效关系是分

析药物作用不可或缺的部分，将这种关系应用于现有的治疗药物中往往会促使药品的更新换代。然而，只有当生物活性与化学结构的关联能够为总结其他药物学信息提供基础时，临床医师才会对此产生兴趣。

The physician is understandably interested mainly in the effects of drugs in man. This emphasis on clinical pharmacology is justified, since the effects of drugs are often characterized by significant interspecies variation, and since they may be further modified by disease. In addition, some drug effects, such as those on mood and behavior, can be adequately studied only in man. However, the pharmacological evaluation of drugs in man may be limited for technical, legal, and ethical reasons, and the choice of drugs must be based in part on their pharmacological evaluation in animals. Consequently, some knowledge of animal pharmacology and comparative pharmacology is helpful in deciding the extent to which claims for a drug based upon studies in animals can be reasonably extrapolated to man3.

临床医师的兴趣主要集中于药物对人体的疗效。临床药理重视这一点是合理的，因为药物的作用往往因种属的明显差异而大相径庭，并可能由于疾病的作用而发生进一步改而且有些药物作用——诸如对情绪和行为的作用—只有通过人体才能得以充分研究，不过药物对人体的药理学评价可能因技术、法律及伦理道德方面的原因而受到限制，对药物的选择在一定程度上也只得以它们在动物身上所进行的药理学评价为基础。因此，动物药理学和比较药理学方面的知识有助于确定以动物实验为基础的某种新药研制何时才可用于人体。

Pharmacotherapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. Many drugs stimulate or depress biochemical or physiological function in man in a sufficiently reproducible manner to provide relief of symptoms or, ideally, to alter favorably the course of disease. Conversely, chemicotherapeutic agents are useful in therapy because they have only minimal effects on man but can destroy or eliminate parasites. Whether a drug is useful for therapy is crucially dependent upon its ability to produce its desired effects with only tolerable undesired effects. Thus, from the standpoint of the physician interested in the therapeutic uses of a drug, the selectivity of its effects is one of its most important characteristics. Drug therapy is rationally based upon the correlation of the actions and effects of drugs with the physiological, biochemical,microbiological,immunological,andbehavioralaspectsofdisease.Pharmacodynamics provides one of the best opportunities for this correlation during the study of both the preclinical and the clinical medical sciences.

药物治疗学涉及如何在疾病防治中使用药物。许多药物以强有力的可重现方式促进或抑制着人体的生理生化功能，进而使症状得以缓解或促使病程朝着令人满意的方向转变。相反，化疗药物的治病功能是因为其对人体作用很小但却能杀死或清除寄生生物。—种药物是否可以用于治疗，关键取决于其能否产生预期的治疗效果，同时其副作用在可容忍的范围内。这样，从关注药物疗效的临床医师的观点来看，药物作用的选择性便是其最重要特点之一。药物的活性和疗效与疾病诸方面——生理、生化、微生物、免疫和行为——的联系理所当然地成为药物治疗的基础。药效学便为临床前期和临床期医学研究这种联系提供了一个绝好的机会。

Toxicology is that aspect of pharmacology that deals with the adverse effects of drugs. It is concerned not only with drugs used in therapy but also with the many other chemicals that may be responsible for household, environmental, or industrial intoxication. The adverse effects of the pharmacological agents employed in therapy are properly considered an integral part of their total pharmacology. The toxic effects of other chemicals are such an extensive subject that the physician must usually confine his attention to the general principles applicable to the prevention,

recognition, and treatment of drug poisonings of any cause.

毒理学是研究药物副作用的药理学分支。它不仅涉及治疗药物，还涉及引起家庭、环境或工业中毒的许多其他化学物质。治疗性药物的副作用应被视为整个药理学的一个组成部分。其他化学物质的毒副作用范围太广，临床医师通常只能将注意力放在预防、确认和处理各种药物中毒的基本原则上。 翻译

1) 药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学，研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。药理学不是一

门能够独立研究的科学，而是与其它学科紧密相关的。药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程，还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。

The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only

understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.

2) 医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。临床医生主要关心药品

药理学所提供的合理临床用药的理论基础，他们的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、这段及治疗，或者在避孕方面所起的作用。

For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drags that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 3) 所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。药物用得恰当，将是人

类的一大福音，用得不当，则可能毁了人类。病人（特别是老年病人）经常性使用一种以上治疗药物的话，往往会发生产生毒性的药物相互作用。

All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems

caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur. 4) 以前，医师必须具备很广泛的植物学知识，因为他要懂得挑选适当的植物的能力和技巧，

并将它们制备成简单的草药。现在，由于大多数天然药物被高度提纯，且与合成的化学药物无甚区别，所以临床医生对生药学的兴趣也相应减弱。

At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations.

5) 对药物的生化生理作用及其活性机制的研究叫做药效学，该学科的独到之处主要在于其

关注的要点是药物的特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科，大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。

The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drags and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science，it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology.

Unit8 Text A What Analytical Chemists Do?

分析化学家做什么？

Analytical chemistryis concerned with the chemical characterization of matter and the answer to two important questions: what is it (qualitative) and how much is it (quantitative). Chemicals make up everything we use or consume, and knowledge of the chemical composition of many substances is important in our daily lives. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in nearly all aspects of chemistry, for example, agricultural, clinical, environmental, forensic,manufacturing, metallurgical, and pharmaceutical chemistry. The nitrogen content of a fertilizer determines its value. Foods must be analyzed for contaminants (e.g., pesticide residues) and for essential nutrients (e.g. vitamin content). The air in cities must be analyzed for carbon monoxide. Blood glucose must be monitored in diabetics (and, in fact, most diseases; are diagnosed by chemical analysis). The presence of trace elements from gun powder on a murder defendant's hand will prove a gun was fired. The quality of manufactured products often depends on proper chemical proportions, and measurement of the constituents is a necessary part of quality control. The carbon content of steel will determine its quality. The purity of drugs will determine their efficacy.

分析化学是研究物质的化学特征并能回答两个重要问题:是什么(定性)以及有多少(定量)。我们所使用和消耗的一切都是由化学物质组成的，所以日常生活中了解物质的化学成分是非常重要的。分析化学几乎在化学的各个领域都起着至关重要的作用，比如农业、临床、环境、法医、制造业、冶金以及药物化学。化学肥料中氮的含量决定了其价值。对食物而言，必须分析其中的污染物(比如杀虫剂残留）和必要的营养成分(如维生素含量)。对城市空气而言，必须分析其中的一氧化碳含量。糖尿病患者需检测血糖(事实上，大多数疾病都是通过化学分析来诊断的)。谋杀嫌疑犯手上火药中痕量元素的存在可以证明手枪是开过火的。出厂产品的质量取决于合适的化学成分比例，因此对组分的测定是质量控制中必不可少的一个环节。钢铁中碳的含量决定其质量，药物的纯度决定其疗效。 What is Analytical Science? 什么是分析科学？

The above description of analytical chemistry provides an overview of the discipline of analytical chemistry. There have been various attempts to more specifically define the discipline. The late Charles N. Reilley said: \chemistry is what analytical chemists do\The discipline has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analyticalscience to describe the field. This term is used in a National Science Foundationreport from workshops on ―Curricular Developments in the Analytical Sciences.‖ Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.

通过以上描述可以对分析化学这门学科有大致的了解，为更加明确地定义这门学科，人们也有过多种尝试。已故的CharlesN.Reilley曾说过“分析化学家从事的工作就是分析化学”:。这门学科的发展已跨越了纯化学的界限，许多人已提倡使用“分析科学”来描述该领域。在名为“分析科学的课程发展”的工作组所做的国家科学基金报告中已使用这一名词。但是该名词忽视了仪器发展和应用的作用，有人建议使用“分析科学和技术”这一名词。

The Federation of European Chemical Societies held a contest to define analytical chemistry, and the following suggestion by K. Cammann was selected.

Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material world?for answering four basic questions about a material sample: ● What?

● Where? ● How much?

● What arrangement, structure or form?

欧洲化学会联盟曾举行了一次会议来定义分析化学，K.Cammann所提出的如下建议被采纳： 分析化学提供了洞察物质世界所需要的方法和工具，它回答了关于某一物质样品的四个基本问题： ?是什么？ ?在哪里？ ?有多少？

?是何种排列、结构或形态？

The Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society provides a comprehensive definition of analytical chemistry, which may be found on their website. It is reproducedin most part here:

Analytical Chemistry seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials. The techniques of this science are used to identify the substances which may be present in a material and to determine the exact amounts of the identified substance. 美国化学会的“分析化学分类”为分析化学提供了一个全面的定义，可以在其网站査到，此处摘录部分内容： 分析化学探索不断改进的方法，用以检测天然和人造材料的化学组成。此种科学的技术手段用来鉴别可能存在于一种材料中的物质以及测定给定物质的准确含量。 Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.They carry out research to discover completely new principles of measurement and are at the forefront of the utilization of major discoveries, such as lasers and microchip devices for practical purposes. Their efforts serve the needs of many fields: 分析化学家致力于提高已有技术的可靠性以更好地满足社会中频繁出现的化学检测的需求。他们将已证实的方法学应用于新型材料，或回答关于其组成及反应机制的新问题。他们开展研究，探索全新的检测原理，站在了将激光和微芯片等重大发现应用于实际用途的最前沿。他们的努力满足了许多领域的需求： - In medicine, analytical chemistry is the basis for clinical laboratory tests which help physicians diagnose disease and chart progress in recovery. - In industry, analytical chemistry provides the means of testing raw materials and for assuring the quality of finished products whose chemical composition is critical. Many household products, fuels, paints, pharmaceuticals, etc. are analyzed by the procedures developed by analytical chemists before being sold to the consumer.

- Environmental qualityis often evaluated by testing for suspected contaminants using the techniques of analytical chemistry.

- The nutritional value of foodis determined by chemical analysis for major components such as protein and carbohydrates and trace components such as vitamins and minerals. Indeed, even the calories in a food are often calculated from its chemical analysis.

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