高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2

Unti4

2 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on. Unit7

Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for cyclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for example, epoxides polymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.开环聚合反应只能通过离子机理进行，环醚（的开环）聚合主要通过阳离子机理，而内酯和内酰胺的聚合物是通过阳离子或阴离子机理。对于环醚和内酯型聚合物很重要的引发剂是那些来自于烷基铝和烷基锌/水的体系。应该指出的是（对于）在活性基团附近有取代的单体，只能由单一机理，（这一机理）是在特定条件下的有效操作，例如环氧聚合能用阳离子和阴离子引发剂，然而碳氟环氧化物的聚合只能是阴离子机理。

Chinese 聚丁二烯 English polybutadiene Molecular Structure CH2CHCHCH2n CH2CHn聚苯乙烯 Polystyrene 三氯化钛 titanium trichloride ClTiClOCl CH2CH2 四氢呋喃 丁基锂 异丁烯 酚钠 氯化钠 烯丙基 光气，碳酰氯 Unti8

Tetrahydrofuran H2CH2Cbutyl lithium isobutylene Phenol sodium sodium chloride Allyl phosgene CH3CH2CH2CH2—Li H3CCCH2CH3 ONa NaCl CH2=CH—CH2— OClCCl 1 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, addition polymers and ___condensation__ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms __as____ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to____ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain __different/less___ because of formation of __compound/byproduct___ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result ___in__ confusion, since it has been shown in later years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation____ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similarly, polyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction. 2. Answer the following questions in English (1) What is chain polymerization?

Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form chain-like macromolecules through elimination of double bond.

(2) Which kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process?

There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One is polyfunctional monomers and the other is a single monomer containing both types of functional groups. (3) What properties of polymers can be based on for measuring the molecular weight?

The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.

3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in Chinese

Polyester聚酯 polyethylene聚乙烯 polystyrene,聚苯乙烯 polyurethane聚氨酯 polyamide聚酰胺 polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇 polybutene聚丁烯 polyether聚醚 polypropylene聚丙稀 Polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯 4. Please write out at least 10 kinds of monomers both in English and in Chinese and the corresponging chemical structure

ClCN乙烯 氯乙烯 丙烯 1-丁烯 丙烯腈ethylene vinylchloride propylene 1- butene acrylonitrileFFCOOHFF1,4-丁二烯 四氟乙烯 苯乙烯 异丁烯 丙烯酸1,4-butadiene tetrafluoroethylene styrene isobutene acrylic acid

5 In general，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant mode of propagation in all polymerizations。However，when the substitutes on the monomer are small (and do not offer appreciable steric hindrance to the approaching radical) or do not have a large resonance stabilizing effect，as in the case of fluorine atoms，sizable amounts of head-to-head propagation may occur. The effect of increasing polymerization temperature is to increase the amount of head-to-head placement。Increased temperature leads to less selective (more random) propagation but the effect is not large. Thus，the head-to-head content in poly (vinyl acetate) only increases from 1.30 to 1.98 percent when the polymerization temperature in increased from 30 to 90 ℃.

通常在所有聚合物的链增长中，头-尾加成是主要方式。然而，当单体中的取代基很小（对接近的自由基没有空间阻碍）或没有较大的共振稳定作用，如氟原子，则有相当量的头头增长发生。提高聚合温度的影响是提高头-头排列的量。温度的提高导致较少的选择（更多的无规）增长，但影响不大。因而，在聚乙酸乙烯酯中，当聚合温度由30C提高到90C，头-头含量仅由1.3%提高到1.98%。 2．Write out an abstract in English for the text in this unit

Polymers with different structures present various properties. Usually, polymers are divided into three categories, i.e. plastic, elastomer, fiber with different initial modulus range respectively. Polymers show quite different behaviors due to the different interchain forces in elastomer and fiber. However, with the advent of new techniques and mechanisms to improve the structure of polymers, polymers may be classified and named according to the mechanism, and their properties will largely depend on the structure. 3．Put the following words into Chinese

entanglement 纠缠 irregularity 无规 sodium isopropylate异丙醇钠 permeability渗透性 crystallite 微晶 stoichiomertric balance 当量平衡 fractionation分馏法 light scattering光散射 matrix 基体 diffraction衍射 4．Put the following words into English

形态 morphology 酯化 esterification 异氰酸酯isocyanate

杂质impurity 二元胺 diamine 转化率change ratio 多分散性polydispersity 力学性能mechanical property 构象conformation 红外光谱法infrared spectroscopy 常见聚合物命名

（1）常见杂链和元素有机聚合物类型

Polyamide ----聚酰胺. Polyester----聚酯 Poly‘urethane ------聚氨酯 Polysiloxane -------聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde----酚醛 .Urea-formaldehyde-----脲醛 Polyureas------聚脲 Polysulfide -----聚硫Polyacetal-------聚缩醛 Polysulfone (polysulphone)------聚砜 Polyether---------聚醚

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