定语从句
一、定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。
二、结构：主句（含名词或代词） + 关系词+?? 先行词 修 饰
三、作用：连接作用、成分作用、替代作用
四、关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as
在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语。
1、that 即可指人也可指物。在定语从句中作主语、表语、宾语，且作表语、 宾语时可省略。
以下情况常用that引导：
（1）当先行词是everything,nothing,something,anything等不定代词时 Is there anything (that) you don’t know?
Do you have anything (that) you want to say for yourself?
（2）当先行词被all,every,any,little,much,few,some,none,no,only等限定词修 饰时
I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.
You can take any seat that is free.
（3）当先行词被序数词及形容词最高级修饰时
This is the second book (that) I borrowed from the library. This is the most interesting film (that) I’ve ever seen. （4）当先行词中即有人也有物时
The passengers and parcels that filled the car were mixed.
Do you know the things and persons (that) they are talking about? （5）当先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same,the right,just修饰时 He is the only person (that) I know here. This is the very bus (that) I am waiting for.
The only thing (that) we can do is to give you some money. （6）当主句是以who, what, which开头的特殊疑问句时 Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat? Which is the bike (that) you lost?
（7）有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that They built up a factory,which produced things that could cause pollution. （8）当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
My Uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man that he was 15 years ago.
（9）主句是there be句型且关系代词在从句中作主语时 There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
2、which 指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语，且作宾语时可省略。 以下情况常用which引导：
（1）非限制性定语从句中（有逗号）
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The meeting, which was held in our school, was a great success. （2）当关系代词前有介词时
This is the house in which I was born.
This is the train by which we went to Beijing. （3）先行词后后有插入语时
This is the English book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.
（4）先行词本身为that或被that修饰时
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? （5）当先行词为主句一部分，甚至是整个主句时
He was late for the ceremony, which was very surprising to me. He married her, which was unexpected. 3、who,whom 指人
who是主格，在定语从句中作主语、宾语 whom是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语
The boy who broke the window is called Bruce. Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. The person to who you just talked is Mr Li. 4、whose 多指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语 且whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which/whom = of which/whom + the + 名词 I like the girl whose hair is long. = the hair of whom = of whom the hair
Look at the building whose windows face to the south. = the windows of which = of which the windows Please pass me the book whose cover is green. = the cover of which = of which the cover
5、as 即可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句 （1）as引导限制性定语从句
特点：不单独使用，词组搭配使用
as同such,the same,as/so连用，引导限制性定语从句 the same ?? as 指同类事物 the same ?? that 指同一事物
e.g. This is the same book that I lost last week.（类似的书） This is the same book as I lost last week. （同一本书） such ?? as 引导定语从句
such ?? that 引导结果状语从句 e.g. She is such a beautiful girl as everyone likes.
She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her. （2）as引导的非限制性定语从句 与which区别
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which 指代作用 先行词或整个句子 意思 无意义 位置 句中、句末 固定搭配 as is often the case; as it often happens; as was expected; as it seems likely; as is known to everybody... as 整个句子 正如，正像和??一样 句首、句中、句末 注：
?当先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，通常用as，从句 谓语动词通常为:be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be mentioned等。
如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。 即：as指代前面整个主句，并在从句中做主语时，从句中谓语 动词必须是系动词。
若为行为动词，则从句中关系代词只能用which。 She has been absent again,as is expected.
Aaron was late,which made the manager angry. He gets up early,which is always his habit.
?当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，常用which。 He came here very early,which was unexpected(not expected). He pretended not to know me,which I didn’t understand.
?非限制性定语从句中be动词不能省略时，用which；反之用as Jane told me she won the match,which was a lie. As (was) expected,we met at the airport. 五、温馨提示
1、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别 形式 意义 译法 功能 关系词使用 修饰限定,从作宾语时可省句省去句意译在先行词限制性定语从句 无逗号 修饰先行词 略，可用who代不清楚或句前，??的 whom 子不成立 补充说明,从即可修饰先不用that，不可句省去,主句译成主句的非限制性定语从句 有逗号 行词也可修省略，不可用意思清楚,不并列句 饰整个句子 who代whom 受影响 2、关系代词前的介词如何选择 （1）依据先行词的搭配
I will never forget the day on which I met her. （2）依据定语从句中的动词搭配
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He is the man on which I can depend.
（3）依据所表达的意思
The gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.
3、one of the + 复数 + 名词 + who/that/which + 谓语用复数
the only one of + 名词 + who/that/which + 谓语用单数 e.g. Tom is one of the students who are often late.
Tom is the only one of the students who is often late.
4、定语从句中主谓一致的统一原则：在人称与数方面与先行词保持一致
I am not one who is afraid of difficulty. Don’t choose me who am not fit for the job. 5、way的用法
The way (which/that) he explained to us was quite simple.（作宾语）
The way (in which/that) he explained the sentence to us was quite simple. （作方式状语） 六、关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句
1、在关系副词when,where,why引导定语从句中，when用在表示时间的名词 后，where用在表示地点的名词后，why用在表示原因的名词后，在句中分 别作时间状语，地点状语和原因状语。
when,where,why相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结 构互换使用。
I still remember the day when/on which I first met him. Changsha is the place where/in which I was born.
Is this the reason why/for which he was late this morning?
2、当先行词虽然表示时间、地点或原因，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语而 不是状语时，不可用when,where或why，而应用that或which
Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.（作地点状语）
Hangzhou is a city that/which has a beautiful lake.（作主语）
I'll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.（作时间状语）
I'll never forget the day that/which we spent together.
（作及物动词spend的宾语） The reason that/which he explained at the meeting was reasonable. （作宾语）
This is the reason why he left early. (作原因状语)
判断：I enjoyed myself so much when I visited my friends in Paris last year. 此句为时间状语从句，不是定语从句。因为它没有先行词。 3、介词 + 关系副词
（1）China was founded 1949,since when China has been developing rapidly. （2）I climbed to the top of the building from where I could see the whole city. 4
4、时间和地点抽象名词与when和where引导的定语从句 （1）先行词是表地点的抽象名词
有一些先行词，如point, stage, position, case, policy, condition等，属于 抽象的地点名词，需要接where引导的定语从句。 There is one point where I’d like your advice.
有一点，我想听听你的建议。
A condition where the parking brakes do not hold will most probably be due to a wheel brake component.
不能按住手煞车的情况最大的可能是由于车轮煞车部件的原因。 You reach a point in your project where you just want to get the thing finished. 从事任何项目你都会进入一种境界：一心想完成它。 I’ve reached the stage where I just don’t care any more. 我已经到了一种什么都不在乎的地步。
We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 在我们的处境下可能会损失打量金钱。 There are cases where this rule does not hold good. 在一些情况下，这个规则是不适用的。
This company has now introduced a policy where pay rises are related to performance at work.
这家公司引进一种政策：薪酬与工作表现挂钩。
Have you ever been in a situation where you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?
你是否曾经处于你知道另一个人和你格格不入的一种境况？ （2）occasion后面用when还是where？
occasion表示机会、时间时，用when引导。
e.g. Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 如果它翻译成场合，表示地点, 就用where引导。
e.g. This isn’t an occasion for laughter, where you must take things seriously. （3）occasion, situation, state, case, condition的区别：
By the question you asked, I can tell what STATE you are in English study. Your question brings a CASE about how to learn English well.
In your SITUATION, I would say that \ to learn a foreign language under the CONDITION that you are not living in an English speaking country. 七、总结：定语从句解题技巧
法一：找先行词 看先行词的语法功能 选择合适的关系词 法二：
空格（单选中） 开始于 关系词
断：断句 句中主谓结构（无关系词时）
结束于 第二个谓语动词之前 5
找：找先行词
直接放回 关系代词 放：将先行词放在句中
加介词放回 介词+which/whom
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