石家庄铁道大学毕业设计
Production of tinplate, which is produced at a continuous strip speed of up to 1,250 ft. per minute, is monitored and a detailed record made of all flaws during the tinning process , together with a computed average gauge of the steel strip and average thickness of the tin coating of each surface. In this way a complete coil-by-coil analysis of tin plate production of each shift is provided with a view to improving product quality and reducing material wastage throughout the tinning operation.
In addition , two separate statements for every coil are produced one showing the total amount o f defective tin plate contained in the coil , and the other the location of the various flaws within it. By this means the tinplate user is able to avoid the use of unsuitable raw materials with corresponding improvement in quality potential.
Q & R in finishing
The quality of a product' s finish rightly or wrongly, is often taken as a standard of the quality of the product as a whole. Even when it does not contribute markedly to the reliability or function of the product it must be \right\for the customer. Electrical processes can contribute in many ways to improving finish and is a field of application in which many technological changes have taken place in recent years.
The finish on hand tools is by no means an insignificant factor in their sales appeal. It also needs to be durable to survive the rough usage to which the tool will be exposed . One major hand tool manufacturer sought to increase his productivity while maintaining at least the same level of quality he was obtaining with his existing methods. Dipping and spraying methods were considered but the former suffered from paint runs on the lettering cast into the handles and the latter required too high a labor force.
The solution was finally found to be an electrophoretic painting process. This is an electric painting process operating on similar principles to electro-plating .The five principle advantages found with this metho d are :
1. Good control of film thickness; 2. Even deposition over the whole surface; 3 . Freedom from runs and sags; 4 . Efficient utilization of paint ;
5. Freedom fro m solvent washing in box sections .
Although this new painting method gives an attractive finish befitting a quality
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石家庄铁道大学毕业设计
engineer's tool, costs have been reduced primarily because of the reduction in the labor force required. Previously the finishing process required nine operators, now, one woman loads and another unloads after the final stoving operations.
The foregoing examples show not only the part electricity is playing in helping to achieve quality and reliability \the electricity supply industry in seeking to apply electricity in the most efficient and advantageous way.
assessing the problem
Developments i n established types o f manufacturing equipment and the introduction of new techniques utilizing electricity are constantly takin g place. These are occurring at a rate which makes it difficult if not impossible for those concerned with the problems of Q & R in design and manufacture to note and assess all these changes in the light of their own requirements .
While Q & R Year is concerned with maintaining or improving the quality and reliability in present day methods of working, the problems of increasing production will also have to be met by many companies. While it is true that improvements in productivity could follow naturally from reduced scrap and wastage due to \right first time\manufacture,a company's Q & R team must nevertheless , also ensure that any planned increase in output from existing production lines does not produce a corresponding fall in quality.
In some cases completely new thinking on the production technique may be necessary to achieve the necessary in productivity with the same or an improved quality of product.
Many companies have,or are planning to appoint,quality and reliability engineers,or an executive with general responsibility for matters affecting Q & R within the company. These men will require information and advice on matters which are outside their own field of expertise. While many of the large companies employ specialists in various fields, there is often a lack of horizontal communication with in the company which prevents adequate dissemination of their knowledge. As a result, the responsibility for giving advice will often fall on those members of the company staff who are already heavily committed to solving day-to-day production problems, and can rarely spare sufficient time to keep adequately up-to-date with new techniques.
Electricity plays a prominent part in modern production methods, both in newly introduced techniques and in developments of long established methods. It follows then
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石家庄铁道大学毕业设计
that a worthwhile contribution to industry would be the giving of assistance to ensure that existing and future applications of electrical energy were applied i n the most advantageous and efficient manner. Such help is freely available from the electricity supply industry through its Industrial Advisory Service .
electricity' s service to industry
The progressive prosperity of an industrialized country can be measured by its expanding use of energy and, in particular, electricity.
For the year 1965-1966, 65,000,000,000 units of electricity were supplied to British industry. This figure, while still not comparing on an energy per worker basis as favorably as some other highly industrialized countries wit h which we compete for trade, does show the significant contribution made by electricity to industrial output. The Industrial Advisory Service offered by the electricity supply industry is designed to help all industrial consumers to utilize this power in the most efficient way and to advise them on any matters affecting their present and future use of electricity. The Advisory Service, which is constantly being extended , is available in many forms to suit the varying types of demand made upon it.
Publications
Information concerning the application o f electrical energy is contained in a wide range of publications which are available through the Electricity Boards. Most of these are issued by The Electricity Council and are designed to provide the busy executive with the information he wants in an easily readable and understandable form. These are invaluable aids to people wishing to obtain factual information on a specific subject. Items of general interest are contained in a quarterly news-sheet , \Electrified Production \,freely distributed by Electricity Boards to industrialists on request.
personal contact
In addition, advice and information on specific problems in the heating , lighting , motive power and many other fields of industrial stabilization of electric power are readily and freely available from Area Electricity Board engineers. These engineers are backed by first a regional , then a national advisory and development organization employing experts in the many fields of electrical utilization and supported by an information center.
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石家庄铁道大学毕业设计
Many of the problem s put to the engineers are concerned with improving the quality of product as well as the production efficiency resulting from existing processing methods . Bu t eve n where quality is no t the prime objective, an improvement of product quality is often found to be a welcome by-product of a new electrical process, even where this has been introduced originally for other reasons .
development work
Practical development work may be undertaken by Electricity Boards in response to problems put to them by industry . This i s often the extension of a known technique to suit a special production problem but it can also involve the development of a new process equipment where this is not commercially available.
The problems tackled may be large or small . For example , in response to a request for help a small hand tool was developed for cutting polystyrene.This consisted of a handgrip to which could be fitted a variety of different shapes and sizes of hairpin elements manufacture d from piano wire and fed from a low voltage transformer. Shapes could therefore be \
Engineers in one board area have developed a resistance heating element sheath suitable for use as an immersion heater in pH2 liquids. Towards the other end of the scale is the development of a type of low thermal mass furnace for stress relieving large fabricated boiler shells . The reliability of these high pressure boiler shells in service demands a precisely specified heating and cooling cycle for stress relieving.The developed furnace provides a high quality heating process and one boiler firm alone has reported a saving of ￡36,000 in the first three years of operation of a furnace of this kind. A striking example of how quality and reliability pays.
Research
Research is sponsored and undertaken by the electricity supply industry on any subject considered to be of sufficient importance to the efficient infantilization electrical power in industry . Research activities of this nature have been further extended by the setting up of the Electricity Council Research Centre at Capenhurst in Cheshire. Problem s affectin g both the distribution and the utilization of electrical energy will be considered at this centra.
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石家庄铁道大学毕业设计
Such is a very brief outline of the services available to industry .
It would be impossible in this short Paper to touch on all o f the many and varied fields of activity which will necessarily come unde r scrutiny during a Q & R campaign. However, it is hoped that sufficient has been said t o stimulate the thinking of those who will be engaged in Q & R activities.
From: M. G. Simpson,
Reade r in Operational Research University of Lancaster
OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
In the February issue of the Journal, the covering notes to my contribution may, I fear, have given a somewhat misleading imprecision of the work carried out in the Department . This has arisen through my own research interests being interpreted as covering the whole work of the Department .
In fairness to my colleagues , I should point out that although various production problems form a significant part of our activity , many other areas of research are also being pursued .
Problems currently being studied include purchasing ,marketing and distribution, and planning and control schemes for various National and Local Authorities; including the Social Services.
The Production Engineer
From: Francis B. Willmott , Member, Francis B. Willmott , Ltd.
INDUSTRIA L BOREDOM
It is beginning to be realized that boredom and frustration can be the root cane of industrial unrest especially in the car factories where the operator is a robot , and that this malaise can be deemed a responsive contribution to strike action and not in many instances due to a claim for higher wage sot better conditions.
It is the fault of the automation age in which speed and the machine are the masters . It can be described as mental reaction and not fatigue in the normal sense of the term. Repetitive processes are to blame and in consequence it is not entirely confined to the car
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