高中句子成分详细讲解及基本句型结构

英语句子成分详解

一、英语句子的成分

组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。

句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。

1）主语 subject

主语是一个句子的主体，是全句叙述的对象，是句子要说明的人或事物，即表示句子所说的“是什么”或“是谁”， 常由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任，一般位于句首。

The girl can sing many English songs.

We are students. / This is my pen. Yours is on the desk. The blind need more help.

To speak loudly in public is not polite. Smoking is bad for your health.

2）谓语 predicate

谓语是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的动作或状态，常由动词担任，一般位于主语之后。谓语有时态和语态的变化，且要和主语在人称和数上保持一致。

I love you. You hate me. You hurt my heart.

I have an English-Chinese dictionary. He has one too. We can play the piano.

She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.

3）宾语 object

宾语是谓语动词所涉及的对象，是谓语动词所表示动作的对象或承受者。常由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任，一般位于谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。

He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home. She wants to go home. We enjoy playing football.

【注意】：某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。这一类动词有：bring, give, pass, tell, hand, show, send, leave, teach, find, buy等。 ? He gave me a book.

? Pass me the ball, will you？

My best friend sent me a Christmas card.

4）表语 predicative

表语是用于说明主语的性质、状态、身份或特征，常由名词、形容词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任，一般位于系动词之后。

I am a teacher. My work is teaching English. Huaibei is beautiful.

I am all right. He looks tired. I feel good today. This mooncake tastes delicious. She is not a good singer.

My question is how you knew him.

5）宾语补足语 object complement

宾语补足语是用于对宾语作进一步的补充说明，这样才能表达出完整的意思，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，常由名词、形容词、动词不定式或介词短语等担任，一般位于宾语之后。

She makes her mother angry. We find the story very interesting.

I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm. The doctor told me to do more exercise.

6）定语 attribute

定语是用于对名词或代词进行修饰或限定，常由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。一般单个形容词常位于被修饰词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句常位于被修饰词之后，作后置定语。

Huaibei is a beautiful city. / A bright future shines before our eyes.

She is a chemistry teacher. / This song is better than that one. Do you know the young man over there? We have something to do tomorrow.

7）状语 adverbial

状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。常用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、目的、结果、让步、伴随、程度等。

Last night she didn’t go to the party because of the rain. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.

He has greatly improved his spoken English by practicing day after day. I must work harder in order to catch up with others.

句子成分练习题

(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词

① Confidence is the key to success. ② There is an old man coming here.

③ This useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ Playing football in the street is dangerous. ⑤ To master a foreign language is necessary.

(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词

① Facts speak louder than words.

A. Facts B. speak C. louder D. words ② He practices running every morning.

A. He B. practices C. running D. morning ③ The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ④ We should respect our teachers.

A. We B. should C. respect D. teachers ⑤ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework

(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ They made him monitor of the class.

(四) 划出下列句中的表语

① Armstrong is an astronaut.

② His hobby is playing basketball.

③ Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week. ④ The truth is that he has never been abroad. ⑤ That little girl looks so beautiful.

(五) 划出下列句中的定语

① The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist. ② The women doctors are from Beijing. ③ The boy under the tree is Jack.. ④ China is a developing country.

⑤ I know the boy who broke the window yesterday..

(六) 划出下列句中的宾语补足语

① His words made me angry. ② We elected him our monitor. ③ They all find him humorous. ④ They call me Jerry sometimes. ⑤ I saw an old man crossing the road.

(七) 划出下列句中的状语

① He solved this problem in a strange way. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ I must work harder to earn my living. ④ I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.

⑤ He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought me a new bike last week.

③ Mr. Smith is going to teach us history next term. ④ Lend me your dictionary, please.

⑤ He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.

简单句的基本句型结构

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型，掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一： S V （主＋谓） 基本句型二： S V P （主＋系＋表）

基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾）

基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 基本句型五： S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

基本句型一：主谓 S│V 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词。

1. All things│change. 2. The moon│rose.

3. The universe│remains. 4. Who│cares?

5. He │works in a big company. 6. They│talked for half an hour.

基本句型二：主系表 S│V│P

1. This│is│an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The weather│is│very cold.

3.The problem│is│that I am short of money. 4. The dinner│smells│good. 5. Everything│looks│different.

这是本英汉辞典。 天气很冷。

问题是他们缺钱。 晚餐闻起来不错。

一切看起来都不同了。 一切事物都在不断变化。 月亮升起了。

宇宙长存。 管它呢？

他在一家大公司上班。 他们谈了半个小时。

基本句型三: 主谓宾 S│V│O

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 1. Who│knows│the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. He│enjoys│reading.

3. I│want│to have a cup of coffee. 4. He│admits│that he was mistaken.

基本句型四: 主谓 间宾 直宾 S│V│o│O 1. She│ordered│herself│a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. He│brought│you│a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 3. I│showed│him│my pictures. 4. I│gave│my car│a wash. 5. I│told│him│that the bus was late.

我给他看我的照片。 我洗了我的汽车。 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 他喜欢看书。 我想喝杯咖啡。 他承认犯了错误。

基本句型五: 主谓 宾 宾补 S │V│ O│ C 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 1. They│appointed│him│manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They│painted│the door│green. 他们把门漆成绿色。 3. This│set│them│thinking.

4. They│found│the house│deserted. 5. What│makes│him│so angry?

分析下列句子的句型结构

这使得他们要细想一想。 他们发现那房子无人居住。 什么使他这样生气？

1. The apples tasted sweet. 2. I saw them getting on the bus. 3. He handed me the newspaper. 4. He gets up at six every morning. 5. He lost his wallet on his way home. 6. He asked me to come back soon. 7. His wish is to become a scientist. 8. We must keep our classroom clean. 9. He looked unhappy at that time.

10. My favourite sports are swimming and skating. 11. All my sadness disappear when I’m writing.

12. He came back while we were having dinner last night. 13. We also planted a lot of trees around our school. 14. We are making our country more and more beautiful. 15. Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter and tell him the good news. 16. Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years. 17. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition.

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