中学化学常用方程式大全
总 目 录
一、无机化学方程式 二、热化学方程式 三、有机反应方程式 四、离子方程式 五、电极方程式
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分 目 录 表
一、无机化学方程式 ............................................................................................................................................... 6
A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Ag ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Al ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 As ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ba ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Be ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Br ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 C ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 C ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 C ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Ca ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Cl ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Cu ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 F ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
F2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Fe ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 H ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12
H2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Hg ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 HF ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 HCl ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 HBr ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 HI ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 H2O ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 H2O2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
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H2S ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 H2CO3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 HClO ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 HNO3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 H3PO4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 H2SO3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 H2SO4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 I ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 K ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
K ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 K2O、K2O2 .................................................................................................................................................. 16 KOH ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 K2CO3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 KHCO3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 KClO3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 KI ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 KAl(SO4)2 ................................................................................................................................................. 17 KMnO4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 KSCN ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 KH ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 L ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Li ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 Li2O .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 LiOH ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Li2CO3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 LiHCO3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 M ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Mg ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 MgO ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Mg(OH)2 .................................................................................................................................................... 19 MgCO3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Mg(HCO3)2 ................................................................................................................................................. 19 MgSO4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 MnO2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 N ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19
N2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 NO、NO2、N2O5 .......................................................................................................................................... 19 NH3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3 .................................................................................................................................. 20 NH4Cl ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 NH4NO3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 (NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4 ............................................................................................................................... 21 Na、Na2O、Na2O2 ...................................................................................................................................... 21 NaH ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 NaOH ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 NaAlO2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
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NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI ..................................................................................................................... 22 Na2CO3、NaHCO3 ........................................................................................................................................ 22 NaNO3、NaNO2 ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Na3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4 ....................................................................................................................... 23 Na2S、NaHS .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O3 .......................................................................................................................... 23 Na2SiO3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 C6H5ONa ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 O ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
O2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 24 O3 .............................................................................................................................................................. 24 P ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25
P ............................................................................................................................................................... 25 P2O3、P2O5 ................................................................................................................................................. 25 Pb、PbO2 .................................................................................................................................................. 25 (CH3COO)2Pb ............................................................................................................................................. 25 R ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25 S ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25
S ............................................................................................................................................................... 25 SO2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 SO3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 Si ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 SiO2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Z ....................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Zn ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 ZnO ........................................................................................................................................................... 27 Zn(OH)2 .................................................................................................................................................... 28
二、热化学方程式 ................................................................................................................................................. 28
B ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 C ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 H ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 N ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29 P ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29 S ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29 三、有机反应方程式 ............................................................................................................................................. 29
(一)烷烃 ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 (二)烯烃 ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 (三)炔烃 ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 (四)芳香烃 ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 (五)石油 ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 (六)卤代烃 ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 (七)醇类 ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 (八)酚类 ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 (九)醛类 ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 (十)羧酸 ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 (十一)糖类 ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
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(十二)酯、油脂 ............................................................................................................................................. 33 (十三)氨基酸 ................................................................................................................................................. 33 四、离子方程式 ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
A ....................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Al ............................................................................................................................................................. 34 Ag ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 As ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 B ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Ba ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Br ............................................................................................................................................................. 36 C ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
C ............................................................................................................................................................... 36 Ca ............................................................................................................................................................. 36 Cl ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 CN ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 Cr ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 Cu ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 CxHyOz ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 F ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
F2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Fe ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 H ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40
+
H .............................................................................................................................................................. 40 H2O ............................................................................................................................................................ 40 H2O2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 H2CO3系列 ................................................................................................................................................. 40 H3PO4系列 ................................................................................................................................................. 41 H2S系列 ................................................................................................................................................... 41 H2SO3系列 ................................................................................................................................................. 42 I ....................................................................................................................................................................... 42 L ....................................................................................................................................................................... 42 M ....................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Mg ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Mn ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 N ....................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Na ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 NN3系列 .................................................................................................................................................... 43 --NO2、NO3 ................................................................................................................................................. 43 O ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 P ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 S ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44
S ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 Si ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 Z ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45 五、电极方程式 ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
(一)原电池电极方程式 ................................................................................................................................. 46
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1．Cu─H2SO4─Zn原电池 ...................................................................................................................... 46 2．Cu─FeCl3─C原电池 ....................................................................................................................... 46 3．钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀................................................................................................ 46 4．氢氧燃料电池（中性介质） ........................................................................................................... 46 5．氢氧燃料电池（酸性介质） ........................................................................................................... 47 6．氢氧燃料电池（碱性介质） ........................................................................................................... 47 7．铅蓄电池（放电） ........................................................................................................................... 47 8．Al─NaOH─Mg原电池 ...................................................................................................................... 47 9．CH4燃料电池(碱性介质) .................................................................................................................. 47 10．熔融碳酸盐燃料电池 ..................................................................................................................... 47 11．银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质) ............................................................................................................. 47 (二)电解电极方程式 ..................................................................................................................................... 48
1．电解CuCl2溶液 ................................................................................................................................. 48 2．电解精炼铜 ....................................................................................................................................... 48 3．电镀铜 ............................................................................................................................................... 48 4．电解饱和食盐水 ............................................................................................................................... 48 5．电解HCl溶液 ................................................................................................................................... 48 6．电解NaOH溶液 ................................................................................................................................. 48 7．电解H2SO4溶液 .................................................................................................................................. 48 8．电解KNO3溶液 ................................................................................................................................... 49 9．电解CuSO4溶液 ................................................................................................................................. 49 10．电解AgNO3溶液 ............................................................................................................................... 49 11．铅蓄电池（充电） ......................................................................................................................... 49
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