High clonal diversity in threatened peripheral populations o(4)

Page4of8Beatty&Provan—ClonaldiversityinH.monotropa

TABLE1.Numberofplants(N)foundineachpopulationofH.monotropaoversuccessiveyears

N

Bothyears

CountyLocationGridRef.PopulationYear1*Year2 MLGs%inboth

Populationsize§

Co.Antrim

Straidkilly

D297156S176(59)87(82)9540127D297156S249(35)42(34)445748D297156S39(8)3(3)8388D297156S41111001Co.FermanaghCastleCaldwell

H013603CC11–––NCH018605CC26(6)9(7)94411H017605CC310(8)8(5)94410H017605CC42(2)–––NCH024606CC55(4)8(5)5805H025607CC62(2)12502CorrelGlenH074546CG119(4)4259H075546CG21–––NCElyLodge

H176526EL126(23)11(9)243326H176520EL216(15)4(4)152715H181515EL35(5)19(13)152022H184514EL413(13)14(11)138513H184514EL52(2)–––NCH178518EL6–2(1)––NCH181517EL7–1––NCH180515EL8–2(2)––NCKnockninny

H272303

K1

2(1)

–

–

–

NC

Figuresinparenthesesindicatenumberofdistinctmulti-locusgenotypes(MLGs)inpopulationswithmorethanasingleindividual.NC,Notcalculated.

*

2007forCo.Fermanaghpopulations,2009forCo.Antrimpopulations.

2008forCo.Fermanaghpopulations,2010forCo.Antrimpopulations.§

PercentageoftotalMLGsfoundinbothyears.Basedoncapture–recapturecalculation(seeMaterialsandmethods).

TABLE2.Hypopitysmonotropamicrosatelliteprimersdevelopedforthisstudy

LocusRepeatPrimers

SizerangeMHNSSR108(GA)8

ACATTTGGGAAAATGGGAGA130–146bpTTCAATGGCACGTCTTACACAMHNSSR119Complex(GA)GGAAGTTTCTCCATCCAGGTT146–180bpAGCAATCAAAACCAGGACCAMHNSSR135

(AG)8

CGGTTTCAGGAAACAAAACC126–148bp

TTGTCCGGGAATTCTCTCTC

carriedouttodeterminethelevelsofgeneticdifferentiationElyLodgepopulationEL3,andadecreasefrom16tofourbetweenpopulationswithinalocation.

spikesinElyLodgepopulationEL2.

Betweentenand23alleleswere.detectedattheeightmicro-RESULTS

satellitelocianalysed(mean¼1475).AllidenticalMLGshadPGENvaluesof,0.001,con rmingthattheyaroseviaasexualThepresentoccurrenceofHypopitysmonotropainNorthernreproduction.Identi cationofclonematesbasedonidenticalIrelandwouldappeartoberestrictedtofourlocationsinCo.MLGsindicatedthatthelevelsofclonalreproductionwereFermanagh(CastleCaldwell,CorrelGlen,ElyLodgeandgenerallylow,withameanofonly14.45%ofclonalindivid-Knockninny)andonelocationinCo.Antrim(Straidkilly),uals(Table1).IdenticalMLGswerealwayshighlyspatiallyalthoughtheKnockninnypopulationwasnotfoundinthestructuredandgenerallysmall(Figs2and3;alsoseeFigssecondyearofsurveying.ThepopulationrecordedfromS1–S25inSupplementarydataavailableonline).Usually,ErrigalBanks,Co.Londonderrywasnotfoundineitheroftheseinvolvedpairsofclonemateswithin10cmofeachtheyearssurveyedandismostlikelynowextinct.other,althoughlargerclonesweredetected[e.g. verametsPopulationstendedtobeverysmall,generallywithlessthanspanning40cm(StraidkillypopulationS1,2009;Fig.2)andtenspikesperpatch,althoughtwolargepopulationsweretwoidenticalMLGsseparatedby60cmwithnointerveningfoundinStraidkillyinboth2009and2010(Table1).Somespikes(ElyLodgepopulationEL2,2007;Fig.3)].Intotal,notablechangesinpopulationsizewereobservedoversucces-38MLGswererepresentedbytworamets,12bythreesiveyears,includinggrowthfromasinglespiketoninespikesrametsandtwoeachbyfourand veramets.ThepercentageinCorrelGlenpopulationCG1andfrom veto19spikesinofMLGspersistinginapopulationacrossbothyearsof

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