2010年至2016年考研阅读理解真题及翻译答案(5)

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once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

在整个信任的过程中存在着两个悖论，第一：科学工作倾向于关注一些流行科学的某些方面，而这些方面又是被认为是不完全和不正确的。去复制和确认已经被人所知和所信的东西不会有多少回报。科学要做的是去探究新的东西而不是再次探究。不足为奇的是，新发表的重要的，有说服力发现和可信的发现将会被后来的研究者质疑，并带来潜在的修改甚至驳斥。第二个悖论是：新颖的东西本身就经常会招致怀疑。诺贝尔奖获得者，生理学家Albert Azent-Gyorgyi曾经将发现描述为：“观察每个人观察的，思考没有人想到的。”但是思考其他人没有想到的并且告诉其他人他们所遗漏的可能并不会改变这些人的观点。有时候，真正新颖的科学发现被人们所接受和认可将会花好多年的时间。

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

最后，一个科学的发现获得了信任，这个过程是与哲学家Annette Baier所描述的心灵的共性的观点是一致的。“我们共同去推理，去质疑，其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。 31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

根据第一段，发现过程的特点是它的： [A] uncertainty and complexity. A.不确定性和复杂性

[B] misconception and deceptiveness.

B. 错误的概念和欺骗

[C] logicality and objectivity. C.逻辑性和客观性

[D] systematicness and regularity.

D.系统性和常规性 解析：这是一道细节题：对应原文这一句：But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.其中ambiguous and complicated对应答案uncertainty and complexity.其他选项不具备干扰性，只需要定位到But后就可以了。 32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires 从第二段可以推知认证的过程需要： [A] strict inspection. 严格的审查

[B]shared efforts. 共同的努力

[C] individual wisdom.

个人的智慧

[D]persistent innovation. 不断的创新

33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it 第三段表明，科学的发现在它。。。之后变得可信： [A] has attracted the attention of the general public. 吸引到大众的注意之后

[B]has been examined by the scientific community.

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被科学的机构检查之后

[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. 获得了编辑和审稿者的认同之后

[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.

被科学家同行经常引用之后

34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi可能会最赞同下面的那个观点： [A] scientific claims will survive challenges.

科学的发现将经受住质疑

[B]discoveries today inspire future research. 今天的发现将引起未来的研究

[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.

做出发现的努力被证明是合理的

[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind. 科学的工作需要批判的头脑 解析：本题为细节题，对应文章中Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi所说的话：seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.可以知道他认为思考很重要，因此答案为D，同学对于critical 批判性的理解可能会有偏差，我们经常讲的培养思维能力其实就是培养 critical mind 的能力。有思考就一定会有批判的，因此这个同义替换是可以接受的。

35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test? 下面那个是最好的标题：

[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. 新颖是科学进步的引擎

[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. 科学发现中的集体审查

[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

科学中认证(信任)的发展

[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. 在通往科学的大门口对于信任的质疑

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

如果工会主义者Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着的话，他可能会代表公务员了。当Hoffa的卡车司机在1960年处于鼎盛阶段的时候，只有1/10的美国政府工作者属于工会；现在这个数字达到36%了。在2009年，美国公共服务部门的工作人员参与工会人员的人数超过了私人企业。在英国，有一半公务员参加了工会，而私企只有15%参加。

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.

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Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

公共服务部门的工会兴起有三个原因。第一，他们能把坏事情扼杀在萌芽中，没有后遗症。第二，他们有教养聪明。有25%的公务员有大学学历。第三，他们现在控制着左倾政策。这些政策历史悠远。英国工党，正如他的名字所暗示的，和工会有长期联系。工党现在的领导者是Ed Miliband就把自己党魁的席位归功于公务员工会。

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

工会的影响力在各州影响力更恐怖。加州公共政策研究中心的Mark Baldassare指出：该州预算很大程度由工会巡查审定。教师工会则监管学校，CCPOA监管监狱，其它各种工会团队监管健康医疗。

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. 在很多发达国家，洲级公务员的平均工资要高于私企。但真正的收入来自于各项利益和工作实践。政治家不断调整公务员的薪水，保持工资上涨不快，但实际上增加了假期，尤其是本就很高的养老金。

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

改革受到强烈反对，尤其惊人的是教育改革。特许学校，学术机构和绩效奖都要面对长期战役。即使有充足的证据：教师质量是最重要的因素，但教师工会反对放弃差老师而鼓励好老师。

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

对反对改革会对每个人产生坏处，这种坏处现在变得越来越明显了，政治家开始打压取缔。在威斯康辛，工会集结了上千上万的支持者反对Scott Walker, 共和党强硬派。但是，公务员也会受到现有体制的不利影响。

John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

哈佛肯尼迪学院的John Donahue 指出，西方行政部门的文化标准适合那些想留在原地的人，但对于优秀学员是不利的。年薪25万的美国公务员是大学体育教练和美国总统。银行家厚实的工资袋导致了众多批评，但公务员系统不能回馈优秀人才可能是美国面临的更大问题。

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that 从第一段能推出什么

[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. Teamsters依然有大量的会员

[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. Jimmy Hoffa曾经是一名公务员

[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

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工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员

[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists. 政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? 根据第二段，下面那个答案是正确的

[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. 公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎

[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.

公共行业的工会会员需要教育

[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions. 工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争

[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

公共行业的工会很少由于他们的行为而惹麻烦。

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is 从第四段可以推知公共行业的收入 [A] illegally secured.

非法地获取

[B] indirectly augmented. 间接的增加了

[C] excessively increased.

过度的增加了 [D]fairly adjusted.

公平的调整了

40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of John Donahue对于公共行业系统的态度是： [A]disapproval.

不赞同

[B]appreciation. 欣赏

[C]tolerance. 容忍

[D]indifference. 漠不关心 Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1（2011年）

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls

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him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic.

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