Chapter 3 Word Formation

Chapter 3 Word Formation

I. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. B 1.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is called ________. A. phrase B. morpheme C. morphs D. root

D 2.Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, which are known as _______.

A. morphs B. monomorphemic words C. phonemes D. allomorphs A 3.Morphemes can be classified into ________ and _________.

A. free morphemes, bound morphemes B. free morphemes, affix C. affix, bound morphemes D. bound root, affix A 4. Free morphemes and free roots are _______. A. identical C. the former includes the latter B. different D. the latter includes the former A 5. ―Bird‖, ―earth‖, ―nation‖ belong to __________.

A. free roots B. bound morphemes C. derivational affixes D. bound root A 6.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are known as _________

A. bound morphemes B. free morphemes C. allomorphs D. morphemes D 7. The bound morphemes include two types: ________ and _________.

A. prefix, suffix B. free root, bound root C. affix, suffix D. bound root, affix D 8. ―Nature‖ in the word ―denaturalization‖ is not ________.

A. free root B. free morphemes C. stem D. bound root B 9.In the word ―contradiction‖, the morpheme ―-dict‖ is _________. A. free root B. bound root C. free morphemes D. affix

C 10.We can put affixes into two groups: ________ and ________ affixes.

A. bound, free B. root, stem C. inflectional, derivational D. blending, clipping D 11. ―Ex-‖ in the word ―ex-prisoner‖ is _________.

A. free root B. bound root C. inflectional affix D. derivational affix D 12.Which of the following is right?

A. Root and stem are identical. B. Root includes stem. C. Root and stem are completely different. D. Stem includes root. C 13. In the word ―likes‖ and ―works‖, the morpheme ―-s‖ is

A. free root B. bound root C. inflectional affix D. derivational affix A 14. The word ―subsea‖ includes_______ ―-sub‖ and _______ ―sea‖.

A. prefix, free root B. suffix, free root C. prefix, bound root D. suffix, bound root A 15. The most productive word formation is _______.

A. affixation B. compounding C. conversion D. acronymy

A 16. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on _______. A. word-formation B. prefixation C. suffixation D. compounding

B 17. _____ is the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. A. prefixation B. Derivation C. Suffixation D. Compounding

D18. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: ________ and _________.

A. clipping, blending B. compounding, conversion C. conversion, derivation D. prefixation, suffixation

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D19. the prefix ―pseudo‖ is _______.

A. a negative prefix B. a reversative prefix C. a locative prefix D. an a pejorative prefix C20. The ―de-‖ in decompose is _______.

A. a negative prefix B. a pejorative prefix C. a reversative prefix D. an orientation prefix A21. The chief function of prefixation is to ________ A. change meanings of the stem. B. change the word-class of the stem. C. change grammatical function D. all the above

D22. The ―auto‖ in ―autobiography‖ is ______. A. a negative prefix B. a locative prefix

C. a reversative prefix D. a miscellaneous prefix B23. The chief function of suffixation is to ______.

A. change meanings of the stem B. change the word class of the stem C. change the lexical meaning D. all the above

C 24. The word ―courageous‖ is created by _______.

A. noun suffixes B. adverb suffixes C. adjective suffixes D. verb suffixes D 25. The meanings of ―comic‖ and ―comical‖ are ______.

A. same B. identical C. similar D. different D 26. For the word ―political‖, its negative form is ―_______‖.

A. apolitical B. ilpolitical C. inpolitical D. impolitical

D 27. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in _____ aspects. A. phonetic features B. semantic features C. grammatical features D. all the above

B 28. _______ is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

A. Suffixation B. Composition C. Conversion D. Clipping A29. ―Law-abiding‖ belongs to _______.

A. adjective compound B. noun compound C. verb compound D. none of the above B30. ―Sit-in‖ belongs to ______.

A. adjective compound B. noun compound C. verb compound D. none of the above B31. ―up-bringing‖ belongs to ______.

A. adjective compound B. noun compound C. verb compound D. none of the above

C32. Verb compounds are created either through _______ or ________. A. affixation/ conversion B. clipping/ affixation

C. conversion/ backformation D. back-formation/ borrowing

A33. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on _______ whereas in noun phrase _______ is generally stressed if there is only one stress.

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A. the first element/ the second element B. the second element/ the first element C. the first element/ the first element D. the second element/ the second element B 34. Most compounds consist of only ______ stems. A. three B. two C. four D. five B35. Words mainly involved in conversion are _______.

A. nouns, verbs and adverbs B. nouns, adjectives and verbs C. nouns, prepositions and verbs D. adjective, adverbs and verbs

D36. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix, is called ______.

A. full conversion B. partial conversion C. semantic shift D. zero derivation

B 37. The ―house‖ in the ―the peasant housed him‖ belongs to the conversion ________. A. between noun and adjective B. between noun and verb C. between verb and adjective D. none of the above

B 38. Nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns and achieve a full noun status, thus known as _______.

A. partial conversion B. full conversion C. functional shift D. grammatical shift

D 39. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with ________.

A. plural forms B. single forms C. adjectives D. definite articles C 40. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of _______. A. spelling B. pronunciation C. stress D. function D41. Words produced by conversion are primarily _______.

A. nouns B. adjectives C. verbs D. all the above

A 42. The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place _______. A. between nouns and verbs B. between nouns and adjectives C. between verbs and adjectives D. none of the above B43. The overwhelming majority of blends are ______.

A. verbs B. nouns C. adjectives D. adverbs

A44. Back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by _______ the supposed suffixes. A. removing B. shortening C. adding D. writing B45. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of ______.

A. prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion

B46. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on _____.

A. the grammatical function B. the pronunciation of the words C. the spelling way D. none of the above D47. Word formation excludes _______.

A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. clipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

T 1. Creation of new words is an important way of vocabulary expansion.

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F 2. Word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.

F 3. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs. T 4. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words. T 5. There are different ways of classifying morphemes. T 6. Free morphemes are known as free roots. T 7. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers. T 8. The root ―-ced‖ means ―approach or go to.‖

F 9. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem. T 10. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.

F 11. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on semantic change. T 12. There are always exception while the word-formation rules are applied T 13. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do. F 14. The ―hyper‖ in ―hyperactive‖ belongs to orientation prefixed.

F 15. Compounding is the process creating new words by combining affixes and bases.

F 16. Half-converted adjective are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjective features.

T 17. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words. T 18. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress. F 19. The word ―flu‖ is formed by back-formation.

T 20. Words from proper names are another source of English vocabulary.

T 21. The most productive ways of word-formation are affixation, compounding and conversion. T 22. Shortening includes clipping and blending.

T 23. Prefixation and suffixation are two sub branches of affixation.

F 24. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. T 25.Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

T 26. A limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation.

F 27. Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping prefixes. T 28. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense.

T 29. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.

F 30. Clipping, a way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and adding a new part to the original.

F 31. Words, formed through acronymy are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the spelling of the words.

T 32. Backformaion is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.

III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.

1. Morphemes are a_______ units realized in speech by discrete units known as m_______. abstract, morphs

2. ―Man, car, anger‖ are independent of other morphemes, which are known as r________. free morpheme/root

3. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: i_______ and d_______

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affixes. Inflectional, derivational

4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship are called i_______. inflectional morphemes

5. S_______ can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Stem

6. Morphemes fall into different classes by different criteria. Now people tend to group morphemes into f________ and b_________. free morphemes, bound morphemes

7. Derivational affixes can be further divided into p________ and s________. prefixes,suffixes 8. A r_______, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.root

9. Affixation, also called d______, is one of the word formations. devivation

10. According to suffixation theory, ―villager‖ is called denominal noun and ―employer‖ is called d______ noun. deverbal

11. Prefixes do not generally change w________ of the stem but only modify its meaning. word class

12. Not all the words that are produced by applying the word-forming rule are a_______. acceptable

13. An alternative for conversion is f________. functional shift

14. Such words as ―the richer‖, ―the poor‖, ―the most corrupt‖ are all examples of f______. partial conversion

15. A_______ is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms. Aronymy 16. The words ―autocide‖ and ―telex‖ are formed by b_______. blending 17. Point out how the following words are formed.

prefixation: disobey, postwar, amoral, antinuclear, maltreat …

suffixation: changeable, exploitation, swimmer, employer, contradictor … compounding: daydreaming, meeting-room, record-breaking, stockholder … acronymy: G-man, SALT, BBC … clipping: pop…

blending: botel, sci-fi, telex, smog… back formation: donate …

conversion: shadow (v.), pocket (v.) … word from proper name: ampere, watergate

IV. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the differences between root and stem?

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root whether free or bound generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.

A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in ―iron‖ or of two root morphemes as in a compound like ―handcuff‖. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in ―mouthful‖. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

2. How do you distinguished compounds from free phrases? Give examples to support your point.

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