液压论文(3)

Hydraulic fluids are a large group of fluids used as the motive medium in hydraulic machinery. Fluid types include synthetic compounds, mineral oil, water, and water-based mixtures. The fluids are found in machinery and

equipment ranging from brakes, power steering systems, and transmissions to backhoes, excavators, garbage trucks and industrial shredders. Hydraulic systems are very common in aircraft flight control systems.

Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has low compressibility.

Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at hundreds to thousands of PSI and temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, severe injuries and death can result from component failures and care must always be taken when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems.

Fire resistance is a property available with specialized fluids.

The use of hydraulic systems in aircraft almost certainly began with braking systems.[citation needed] As aircraft performance increased in mid-20th century, the amount of force required to operate mechanical flight controls became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the aircrew (hydro-mechanical) or by computers obeying control laws (fly by wire). See flight controls.

Hydraulic power is used for other purposes. It can be stored in accumulators to start an auxiliary power unit (APU) for self-starting the aircraft's main engines. Many aircraft equipped with the M61 family of cannon use hydraulic power to drive the gun system, permitting reliable high rates of fire.

The hydraulic power itself comes from pumps driven by the engines directly, or by electrically driven pumps. Electric pumps can provide both redundancy and the means of operating hydraulic systems without starting the engines, which can be very useful during maintenance.

Aircraft hydraulic fluids fall under various specifications:

Exposure to hydraulic fluids occurs mainly in the workplace. Drinking certain types of hydraulic fluids can cause death in humans, and swallowing or

inhaling certain types of hydraulic fluids has caused nerve damage in animals. Contact with some types of hydraulic fluids can irritate your skin or eyes. These substances have been found in at least 10 of the 1,428 National

Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is hydraulic fluids?

Hydraulic fluids are a large group of liquids made of many kinds of chemicals. They are used in automobile automatic transmissions, brakes, and power steering; fork lift trucks; tractors; bulldozers; industrial machinery; and

airplanes. The three most common types of hydraulic fluids are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin. Some of the trade names for hydraulic fluids include Durad?, Fyrquel?, Skydrol?, Houghton-Safe?,

Pydraul?, Reofos?, Reolube?, and Quintolubric?. (Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)

Some hydraulic fluids have a bland, oily smell and others have no smell; some will burn and some will not burn. Certain hydraulic fluids are produced from crude oil and others are manufactured.

What happens to hydraulic fluids when it enters the environment?

Hydraulic fluids can enter the environment from spills, leaks in machines that use them, or from storage areas and waste sites.

If spilled on soil, some of the ingredients in hydraulic fluids will stay on top and others will sink into the groundwater.

In water, some hydraulic fluids' ingredients will transfer to the bottom and can stay there for more than a year.

Certain chemicals in hydraulic fluids may break down in air, soil, or water, but how much breaks down isn't known.

Fish may contain some hydraulic fluids if they live in contaminated water. How might I be exposed to hydraulic fluids?

Touching or swallowing hydraulic fluids.

Breathing hydraulic fluids in the air near machines where hydraulic fluids are used.

Touching contaminated water or soil near hazardous waste sites or industrial manufacturing facilities that use or make hydraulic fluids. How can hydraulic fluids affect my health?

Little is known about how hydraulic fluids can affect your health. Since

hydraulic fluids are actually mixtures of chemicals, some of the effects seen may be caused by additives in the hydraulic fluids.

In people, the effects of breathing air with high levels of hydraulic fluids are not known. Drinking large amounts of some types of hydraulic fluids can cause pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or death in humans. Weakness of the hands was seen in a worker who touched a lot of hydraulic fluids.

Rabbits that inhaled very high levels of one type of hydraulic fluid had trouble breathing, congested lungs, and became drowsy. The nervous systems of animals that swallowed or inhaled other hydraulic fluids were affected immediately with tremors, diarrhea, sweating, breathing difficulty, and

sometimes several weeks later with weakness of the limbs, or paralysis. The immediate effects are caused because hydraulic fluids stop the action of

certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in the body. There are no reports of people swallowing or breathing the types of hydraulic fluids that cause these effects. When certain types of hydraulic fluids were put into the eyes of animals or allowed to touch the skin of people or animals for short periods of time, redness and swelling occurred. It is not known whether hydraulic fluids can cause birth defects or reproductive effects.

Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to hydraulic fluids? Hydraulic fluids can't be measured in blood, urine, or feces, but certain

chemicals in the hydraulic fluids can be measured. Some of the hydraulic fluids stop the activity of certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in blood and this activity can be measured. However, many other chemicals also cause this effect. This test isn't available at most doctors' offices, but can be done at special laboratories that have the right equipment.

Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? There are no federal government recommendations to protect humans from the health effects of the major hydraulic fluids. However, mineral oil, the major chemical ingredient of one type of hydraulic fluid, is part of the petroleum distillate class of chemicals and there are regulations for these chemicals.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 2,000 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) petroleum distillates for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. The National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends an exposure limit of 350 mg/m3 petroleum distillates for a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek.

Glossary

Additive: Substance added to another in small amounts to improve its properties.

CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service.

Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.

Petroleum Distillate: A chemical fraction of petroleum.

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